data_hash,id,subject,predicate,object,status,conditions_json,condition_tags_json,energy_input,energy_output,energy_dissipation,relation_formula,relation_input,relation_output,coefficient_unit,evidence_ids_json,canonical,last_reviewed,canonical_url,notes
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:galvanic-drives,disequilibrium:chemical-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:galvanic-reaction,established,"[""a spontaneous redox couple split between two electrodes with an ion-conducting electrolyte between them""]","[""env-aqueous""]",chemical,electrical,thermal,E_cell = −ΔG / nF,quantity:chemical-potential,quantity:electric-potential,mol/C,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/galvanic-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:galvanic-produces-ions,phenomenon:galvanic-reaction,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/galvanic-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:galvanic-member,phenomenon:galvanic-reaction,member_of,coupling:electrochemical,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/galvanic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:galvanic-bounded-nernst,phenomenon:galvanic-reaction,bounded_by,constraint:nernst-potential-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/galvanic-bounded-nernst,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:galvanic-implemented,phenomenon:galvanic-reaction,implemented_by,transducer:galvanic-cell,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/galvanic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-drives,disequilibrium:chemical-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,established,"[""continuous supply of fuel and oxidant to catalysed electrodes separated by a proton- or oxide-conducting electrolyte""]","[""medium-membrane""]",chemical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:grove-1839"",""source:bard-faulkner-2001"",""source:qasem-2024-fuel-cells""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-produces-ions,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-member,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,member_of,coupling:electrochemical,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:grove-1839"",""source:qasem-2024-fuel-cells""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-bounded-nernst,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,bounded_by,constraint:nernst-potential-bound,established,"[""1.23 V reversible potential for H₂/O₂ at 25 °C""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-bounded-nernst,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-implemented,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,implemented_by,transducer:fuel-cell,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:grove-1839"",""source:qasem-2024-fuel-cells""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-observed-pt,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,observed_in,material:platinum,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:grove-1839"",""source:qasem-2024-fuel-cells""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-observed-pt,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:combustion-drives,disequilibrium:chemical-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:combustion,established,"[""fuel, oxidiser and an ignition source; flame temperature 1500–2500 K""]","[""state-gas"",""temp-high""]",chemical,thermal,radiative,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/combustion-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:combustion-produces-hot-gas,phenomenon:combustion,produces,carrier:hot-gas,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/combustion-produces-hot-gas,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:combustion-produces-gradient,phenomenon:combustion,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/combustion-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:combustion-member,phenomenon:combustion,member_of,coupling:thermochemical,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/combustion-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:combustion-converts-heat,phenomenon:combustion,converts_into,output:useful-heat,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/combustion-converts-heat,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hot-gas-drives-thermal-emission,carrier:hot-gas,drives,phenomenon:thermal-emission,established,"[""a flame or a heated emitter radiating""]",[],thermal,radiative,,,,,,"[""source:lapotin-2022"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hot-gas-drives-thermal-emission,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-cell-drives,disequilibrium:concentration-gradient,drives,phenomenon:concentration-cell-effect,established,"[""two electrodes of the same kind in solutions of different activity joined by a salt bridge or membrane""]","[""env-aqueous""]",chemical,electrical,thermal,E = (RT/zF) · ln(a₁/a₂),quantity:activity-ratio,quantity:electric-potential,V,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-cell-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-cell-produces,phenomenon:concentration-cell-effect,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-cell-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-cell-member,phenomenon:concentration-cell-effect,member_of,coupling:electrochemical,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-cell-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-cell-bounded,phenomenon:concentration-cell-effect,bounded_by,constraint:mixing-free-energy-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-cell-bounded,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:salinity-drives-red,disequilibrium:salinity-gradient,drives,phenomenon:reverse-electrodialysis,established,"[""alternating cation- and anion-exchange membranes with sea and river water in alternate compartments""]","[""env-aqueous"",""medium-membrane"",""state-liquid""]",chemical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:pattle-1954"",""source:post-2007"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/salinity-drives-red,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:red-produces-ions,phenomenon:reverse-electrodialysis,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:post-2007"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/red-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:red-member,phenomenon:reverse-electrodialysis,member_of,coupling:osmotic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/red-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:red-bounded-mixing,phenomenon:reverse-electrodialysis,bounded_by,constraint:mixing-free-energy-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/red-bounded-mixing,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:red-implemented,phenomenon:reverse-electrodialysis,implemented_by,transducer:reverse-electrodialysis-stack,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:post-2007""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/red-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:red-requires-membrane,phenomenon:reverse-electrodialysis,requires,material:ion-exchange-membrane,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:post-2007"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/red-requires-membrane,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:salinity-drives-pro,disequilibrium:salinity-gradient,drives,phenomenon:pressure-retarded-osmosis,established,"[""a semipermeable membrane with fresh water on one side and seawater pressurised below its osmotic pressure on the other""]","[""env-aqueous"",""medium-membrane"",""state-liquid""]",chemical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:loeb-1975"",""source:post-2007""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/salinity-drives-pro,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:osmotic-pressure-drives-pro,disequilibrium:osmotic-pressure-difference,drives,phenomenon:pressure-retarded-osmosis,established,[],"[""env-aqueous"",""medium-membrane""]",osmotic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:loeb-1975"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/osmotic-pressure-drives-pro,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pro-produces-pressure,phenomenon:pressure-retarded-osmosis,produces,carrier:hydraulic-pressure,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:loeb-1975"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pro-produces-pressure,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pro-member,phenomenon:pressure-retarded-osmosis,member_of,coupling:osmotic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pro-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pro-bounded-mixing,phenomenon:pressure-retarded-osmosis,bounded_by,constraint:mixing-free-energy-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pro-bounded-mixing,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pro-implemented,phenomenon:pressure-retarded-osmosis,implemented_by,transducer:pressure-retarded-osmosis-plant,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pro-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:salinity-drives-capmix,disequilibrium:salinity-gradient,drives,phenomenon:capacitive-mixing,demonstrated,"[""porous carbon electrodes charged in salt water and discharged in fresh water in a four-step cycle""]","[""env-aqueous"",""state-liquid""]",chemical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:brogioli-2009""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/salinity-drives-capmix,One primary experiment on record in this atlas; later replications exist in the literature but are not yet recorded here.
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:capmix-produces,phenomenon:capacitive-mixing,produces,carrier:ionic-current,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:brogioli-2009""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/capmix-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:capmix-member,phenomenon:capacitive-mixing,member_of,coupling:osmotic,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:brogioli-2009""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/capmix-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:capmix-implemented,phenomenon:capacitive-mixing,implemented_by,transducer:capmix-cell,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:brogioli-2009""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/capmix-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-drives-osmosis,disequilibrium:concentration-gradient,drives,phenomenon:osmosis,established,[],"[""env-aqueous"",""medium-membrane""]",chemical,osmotic,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-drives-osmosis,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:osmosis-produces,phenomenon:osmosis,produces,disequilibrium:osmotic-pressure-difference,established,[],[],osmotic,osmotic,,,,,,"[""source:loeb-1975"",""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/osmosis-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:osmosis-member,phenomenon:osmosis,member_of,coupling:osmotic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:loeb-1975"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/osmosis-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-drives-diffusion,disequilibrium:concentration-gradient,drives,phenomenon:diffusion,established,[],[],chemical,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-drives-diffusion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:diffusion-dissipates,phenomenon:diffusion,dissipates_to,output:useful-heat,established,"[""free mixing without a membrane dissipates the whole free energy as heat""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/diffusion-dissipates,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:amtec-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:alkali-metal-thermal-electric-conversion,demonstrated,"[""sodium at 900–1300 K on the hot side of a β″-alumina electrolyte and a condenser at 400–700 K""]","[""temp-high"",""state-liquid""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:cole-1983-amtec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/amtec-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:amtec-produces-ions,phenomenon:alkali-metal-thermal-electric-conversion,produces,carrier:ionic-current,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:cole-1983-amtec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/amtec-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:amtec-member,phenomenon:alkali-metal-thermal-electric-conversion,member_of,coupling:electrochemical,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:cole-1983-amtec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/amtec-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:amtec-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:alkali-metal-thermal-electric-conversion,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:cole-1983-amtec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/amtec-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:amtec-implemented,phenomenon:alkali-metal-thermal-electric-conversion,implemented_by,transducer:amtec-cell,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:cole-1983-amtec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/amtec-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:amtec-requires-beta-alumina,phenomenon:alkali-metal-thermal-electric-conversion,requires,material:beta-alumina,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:cole-1983-amtec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/amtec-requires-beta-alumina,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:binding-drives-decay,disequilibrium:nuclear-binding-difference,drives,phenomenon:radioactive-decay,established,[],"[""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,nuclear,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/binding-drives-decay,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:decay-produces-particles,phenomenon:radioactive-decay,produces,carrier:beta-particles,established,"[""beta emitters such as tritium, Ni-63, Pm-147, Sr-90""]",[],nuclear,nuclear,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/decay-produces-particles,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:decay-governed-weak,phenomenon:radioactive-decay,governed_by,interaction:weak-nuclear,established,"[""beta decay""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/decay-governed-weak,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:particles-drive-betavoltaic,carrier:beta-particles,drives,phenomenon:betavoltaic-effect,established,"[""a beta source (tritium, Ni-63, Pm-147) on or in a semiconductor junction; particle energy below the lattice-damage threshold""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor"",""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,electronic-excitation,thermal,,,,,"[""source:rappaport-1954"",""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/particles-drive-betavoltaic,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:betavoltaic-produces-pairs,phenomenon:betavoltaic-effect,produces,carrier:electron-hole-pairs,established,[],[],electronic-excitation,electronic-excitation,,,,,,"[""source:rappaport-1954"",""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/betavoltaic-produces-pairs,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:betavoltaic-member,phenomenon:betavoltaic-effect,member_of,coupling:radiovoltaic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/betavoltaic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:betavoltaic-implemented,phenomenon:betavoltaic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:betavoltaic-cell,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/betavoltaic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:betavoltaic-observed-si,phenomenon:betavoltaic-effect,observed_in,material:silicon,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:rappaport-1954"",""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/betavoltaic-observed-si,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:particles-drive-heating,carrier:beta-particles,drives,phenomenon:radioisotope-heating,established,"[""beta particles stopped within the source and its cladding; in practice RTG heat comes from alpha emitters (see the alpha claim)""]","[""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/particles-drive-heating,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heating-produces-gradient,phenomenon:radioisotope-heating,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heating-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heating-member,phenomenon:radioisotope-heating,member_of,coupling:nuclear-thermal,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heating-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heating-implemented-rtg,phenomenon:radioisotope-heating,implemented_by,transducer:radioisotope-thermoelectric-generator,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014"",""source:rowe-2006""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heating-implemented-rtg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:binding-drives-fission,disequilibrium:nuclear-binding-difference,drives,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,established,"[""for neutron-induced fission: a fissionable nuclide and an incident neutron in an energy range with non-zero fission cross-section"",""critical geometry is required only for a self-sustaining chain reaction; a moderator is reactor-design dependent""]",[],nuclear,kinetic,radiative,,,,,"[""source:hahn-strassmann-1939"",""source:frisch-1939-fission""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/binding-drives-fission,"About 200 MeV per event, almost all as fragment kinetic energy (Frisch 1939); thermalisation is a separate step."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fission-produces-gradient,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,established,"[""fragment and neutron kinetic energy thermalised in the fuel; the fuel runs hotter than the coolant""]",[],kinetic,thermal,radiative,,,,,"[""source:frisch-1939-fission"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fission-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fission-produces-hot-gas,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,produces,carrier:hot-gas,established,"[""fission heating produces a vapour or gas working fluid in a DIRECTLY heated, same-circuit configuration: the reactor coolant itself boils in the vessel and its steam goes to the turbine (a boiling-water reactor), or the fissioning or fission-heated gas is the working medium (a gas-core or fissioning-plasma reactor)"",""not a pressurised-water reactor: there fission heats a pressurised liquid whose heat crosses a steam generator into a separate secondary circuit — the heat exchanger, not the core, makes the turbine's steam, and that topology belongs to the system layer, never hidden inside this claim (pass 38)""]",[],kinetic,thermal,radiative,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:nrc-boiling-water-reactors""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fission-produces-hot-gas,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fission-governed-strong,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,governed_by,interaction:strong-nuclear,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:hahn-strassmann-1939"",""source:frisch-1939-fission""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fission-governed-strong,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fission-member,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,member_of,coupling:nuclear-thermal,established,"[""as a heat source for a conventional steam cycle""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fission-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fission-implemented,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,implemented_by,transducer:nuclear-reactor-plant,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fission-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:binding-drives-fusion,disequilibrium:nuclear-binding-difference,drives,phenomenon:nuclear-fusion,demonstrated,"[""for a power-producing D–T thermonuclear plasma: ion temperatures of order 10 keV and a sufficient density–confinement product (Lawson); these are power-balance conditions, not prerequisites for an individual fusion reaction""]","[""state-plasma"",""temp-high""]",nuclear,kinetic,radiative,,,,,"[""source:bethe-1939"",""source:lawson-1957"",""source:nif-2024""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/binding-drives-fusion,"Fusion reactions and target-level fusion energy release are experimentally demonstrated (target gain > 1 at NIF, 2022–2024); net electrical output from a fusion power plant is not."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fusion-produces-gradient,phenomenon:nuclear-fusion,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,demonstrated,"[""energetic products (neutrons, alphas) deposit their kinetic energy in a blanket or the plasma, which then runs hotter than its surroundings""]",[],kinetic,thermal,radiative,,,,,"[""source:lawson-1957"",""source:nif-2024""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fusion-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fusion-governed-strong,phenomenon:nuclear-fusion,governed_by,interaction:strong-nuclear,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bethe-1939"",""source:lawson-1957""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fusion-governed-strong,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fusion-member,phenomenon:nuclear-fusion,member_of,coupling:nuclear-thermal,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bethe-1939"",""source:lawson-1957""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fusion-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hydrostatic-governed-gravity,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,governed_by,interaction:gravitational,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hydrostatic-governed-gravity,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-governed-em,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,governed_by,interaction:electromagnetic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:shockley-queisser-1961"",""source:kittel-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-governed-em,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:galvanic-governed-em,phenomenon:galvanic-reaction,governed_by,interaction:electromagnetic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/galvanic-governed-em,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fission-implemented-bwr,phenomenon:nuclear-fission,implemented_by,transducer:boiling-water-reactor-plant,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nrc-boiling-water-reactors""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fission-implemented-bwr,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-cell-bounded-nernst,phenomenon:concentration-cell-effect,bounded_by,constraint:nernst-potential-bound,established,"[""E = (RT/zF)·ln(a₁/a₂) per cell — 59 mV per decade of activity ratio at 25 °C — sets the reversible work per unit charge""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-cell-bounded-nernst,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:capmix-bounded-mixing,phenomenon:capacitive-mixing,bounded_by,constraint:mixing-free-energy-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:brogioli-2009"",""source:logan-elimelech-2012""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/capmix-bounded-mixing,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fuel-cell-bounded-gibbs-enthalpy,phenomenon:fuel-cell-reaction,bounded_by,constraint:gibbs-enthalpy-ratio-bound,established,"[""efficiency on the reaction enthalpy (higher-heating-value basis for hydrogen with liquid water as product)""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fuel-cell-handbook-2004"",""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fuel-cell-bounded-gibbs-enthalpy,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-drives,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,drives,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,established,"[""a non-centrosymmetric crystal or a poled ferroelectric ceramic or polymer"",""stress below the depoling and fracture limits""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-non-centrosymmetric""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,D = d · σ,quantity:stress,quantity:surface-charge-density,C/N,"[""source:curie-1880"",""source:nye-1985"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-produces-charge,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,produces,carrier:surface-charge,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-member,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:piezoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-bounded-k2,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,bounded_by,constraint:electromechanical-coupling-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-bounded-k2,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-observed-quartz,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,observed_in,material:quartz,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:curie-1880"",""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-observed-quartz,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-observed-pzt,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,observed_in,material:pzt,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-observed-pzt,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-observed-pvdf,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,observed_in,material:pvdf,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:anton-sodano-2007""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-observed-pvdf,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-observed-zno,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,observed_in,material:zinc-oxide,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:wang-song-2006"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-observed-zno,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-implemented,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:piezoelectric-harvester,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:anton-sodano-2007"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-requires-noncentro,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,requires,material:pzt,established,"[""any non-centrosymmetric material; PZT is the reference""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-requires-noncentro,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:converse-piezo-drives,disequilibrium:electric-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:converse-piezoelectric-effect,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-non-centrosymmetric"",""field-electric-required""]",electrical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/converse-piezo-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:converse-piezo-produces,phenomenon:converse-piezoelectric-effect,produces,carrier:elastic-stress,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/converse-piezo-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:converse-piezo-member,phenomenon:converse-piezoelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:piezoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/converse-piezo-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flexo-drives,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,drives,phenomenon:flexoelectric-effect,established,"[""the required strain gradient may be generated mechanically (e.g. bending) or by spatially non-uniform thermal expansion; uniform strain alone does not produce bulk flexoelectric polarization in a centrosymmetric dielectric"",""coefficients are small in bulk (nC/m) and useful only at the nanoscale or in thin films""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-dielectric""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,P = μ · ∇ε,quantity:strain-gradient,quantity:polarisation,C/m,"[""source:zubko-2013"",""source:iwakiri-2026-thermopolarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flexo-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flexo-produces-charge,phenomenon:flexoelectric-effect,produces,carrier:surface-charge,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:zubko-2013"",""source:iwakiri-2026-thermopolarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flexo-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flexo-member,phenomenon:flexoelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:flexoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zubko-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flexo-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tribo-drives,disequilibrium:surface-energy-difference,drives,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,established,"[""two materials far apart in the triboelectric series brought into contact and separated repeatedly"",""dry conditions; humidity bleeds the charge""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-dielectric""]",surface,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:fan-tian-wang-2012"",""source:lacks-shinbrot-2019"",""source:wu-2019-teng""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tribo-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:vibration-drives-tribo,disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration,drives,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,established,"[""vibration or motion that repeatedly contacts and separates two dissimilar surfaces""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-dielectric""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:fan-tian-wang-2012"",""source:wu-2019-teng""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/vibration-drives-tribo,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tribo-produces-charge,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,produces,carrier:surface-charge,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:fan-tian-wang-2012"",""source:lacks-shinbrot-2019""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tribo-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tribo-member,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:triboelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fan-tian-wang-2012"",""source:wu-2019-teng""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tribo-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tribo-implemented,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:triboelectric-nanogenerator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fan-tian-wang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tribo-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tribo-observed-ptfe,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,observed_in,material:ptfe,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fan-tian-wang-2012"",""source:lacks-shinbrot-2019""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tribo-observed-ptfe,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:droplet-drives,disequilibrium:surface-energy-difference,drives,phenomenon:droplet-charge-transfer,replicated,"[""water droplets impacting a pre-charged PTFE surface bridging to an electrode""]","[""state-liquid""]",surface,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:xu-2020-droplet"",""source:yin-2014-graphene-flow""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/droplet-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:gravity-drives-droplet,disequilibrium:gravitational-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:droplet-charge-transfer,demonstrated,"[""falling droplets (rain) supplying the impact and spreading""]","[""state-liquid""]",gravitational,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:xu-2020-droplet""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/gravity-drives-droplet,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:droplet-produces-charge,phenomenon:droplet-charge-transfer,produces,carrier:surface-charge,replicated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:xu-2020-droplet"",""source:yin-2014-graphene-flow""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/droplet-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:droplet-member,phenomenon:droplet-charge-transfer,member_of,coupling:triboelectric,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xu-2020-droplet""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/droplet-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:droplet-implemented,phenomenon:droplet-charge-transfer,implemented_by,transducer:droplet-electricity-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xu-2020-droplet""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/droplet-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrostatic-drives,disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration,drives,phenomenon:electrostatic-induction,established,"[""a pre-charged or electret-biased variable capacitor whose plates the vibration moves""]","[""state-solid"",""field-electric-required""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:roundy-2003"",""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrostatic-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrostatic-produces,phenomenon:electrostatic-induction,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:roundy-2003"",""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrostatic-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrostatic-member,phenomenon:electrostatic-induction,member_of,coupling:electrostatic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:roundy-2003"",""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrostatic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrostatic-implemented,phenomenon:electrostatic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:electrostatic-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:roundy-2003""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrostatic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:rew-drives,disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration,drives,phenomenon:reverse-electrowetting,demonstrated,"[""conductive droplets moved across a biased dielectric-coated electrode array""]","[""state-liquid"",""field-electric-required""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:krupenkin-taylor-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/rew-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:rew-produces,phenomenon:reverse-electrowetting,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:krupenkin-taylor-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/rew-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:rew-member,phenomenon:reverse-electrowetting,member_of,coupling:electrostatic,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:krupenkin-taylor-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/rew-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:vibration-drives-resonance,disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration,drives,phenomenon:resonant-vibration,established,"[""a cantilever or seismic mass with natural frequency near the excitation""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:roundy-2003"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/vibration-drives-resonance,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:resonance-produces-stress,phenomenon:resonant-vibration,produces,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,established,"[""cyclic bending stress at the root of the cantilever""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/resonance-produces-stress,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:resonance-produces-motion,phenomenon:resonant-vibration,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:beeby-2007"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/resonance-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:motion-drives-induction,carrier:mechanical-motion,drives,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,established,"[""a magnet moving relative to a coil""]","[""medium-conductor"",""field-magnetic-required""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:beeby-2007""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/motion-drives-induction,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-produces-carriers,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-produces-carriers,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-member,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,member_of,coupling:electromagnetic-induction,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-implemented-vibration,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:electromagnetic-vibration-harvester,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:beeby-2007"",""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-implemented-vibration,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flux-change-drives-induction,disequilibrium:magnetic-field-change,drives,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,established,"[""any time-varying flux through a loop, from motion or from an AC source""]","[""medium-conductor"",""transient-only""]",magnetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flux-change-drives-induction,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:villari-drives,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,drives,phenomenon:villari-effect,established,"[""a magnetostrictive material under a bias field and cyclic stress""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet""]",mechanical,magnetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:villari-1865"",""source:wang-yuan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/villari-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:villari-produces-flux,phenomenon:villari-effect,produces,carrier:magnetic-flux,established,[],[],magnetic,magnetic,,,,,,"[""source:wang-yuan-2008"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/villari-produces-flux,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:villari-member,phenomenon:villari-effect,member_of,coupling:magnetostrictive,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:wang-yuan-2008"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/villari-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:villari-implemented,phenomenon:villari-effect,implemented_by,transducer:magnetostrictive-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:wang-yuan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/villari-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:villari-onsager,phenomenon:villari-effect,governed_by,constraint:onsager-reciprocity,established,"[""Villari and Joule magnetostriction are converse effects with equal coefficients""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:joule-1847"",""source:villari-1865""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/villari-onsager,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:joule-ms-drives,disequilibrium:magnetic-field-change,drives,phenomenon:joule-magnetostriction,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet"",""field-magnetic-required""]",magnetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:joule-1847"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/joule-ms-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:joule-ms-produces-stress,phenomenon:joule-magnetostriction,produces,carrier:elastic-stress,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:joule-1847"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/joule-ms-produces-stress,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:joule-ms-member,phenomenon:joule-magnetostriction,member_of,coupling:magnetostrictive,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:joule-1847"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/joule-ms-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetoelectric-drives,disequilibrium:magnetic-field-change,drives,phenomenon:magnetoelectric-coupling,established,"[""a magnetostrictive–piezoelectric laminate; the AC field strains the first layer, which stresses the second""]","[""state-solid""]",magnetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetoelectric-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetoelectric-produces,phenomenon:magnetoelectric-coupling,produces,carrier:surface-charge,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetoelectric-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetoelectric-member,phenomenon:magnetoelectric-coupling,member_of,coupling:magnetoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetoelectric-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetoelectric-implemented,phenomenon:magnetoelectric-coupling,implemented_by,transducer:magnetoelectric-composite,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetoelectric-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:joule-ms-couples-piezo,phenomenon:joule-magnetostriction,couples_to,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,established,"[""strain transferred across a bonded interface in a laminate composite""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/joule-ms-couples-piezo,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastic-stress-drives-piezo,carrier:elastic-stress,drives,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,established,"[""stress transmitted into a piezoelectric element""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-non-centrosymmetric""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastic-stress-drives-piezo,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastic-stress-drives-villari,carrier:elastic-stress,drives,phenomenon:villari-effect,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet""]",mechanical,magnetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:wang-yuan-2008"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastic-stress-drives-villari,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:stress-drives-elastic,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,drives,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,established,[],"[""state-solid""]",mechanical,mechanical,,σ = E · ε,quantity:strain,quantity:stress,Pa,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/stress-drives-elastic,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastic-produces-stress-carrier,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,produces,carrier:elastic-stress,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastic-produces-stress-carrier,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fluid-flow-carrier-drives-lift,carrier:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,established,"[""a rotor or vane in the produced stream at a working angle of attack; the driven flow must carry a directed momentum flux for a blade to load""]","[""flow-required""]",kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:betz-1920"",""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fluid-flow-carrier-drives-lift,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fluid-flow-carrier-drives-fiv,carrier:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:flow-induced-vibration,established,"[""a bluff or flexible body in the produced stream at a Reynolds number where vortex shedding locks to a structural mode""]","[""flow-required""]",kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fluid-flow-carrier-drives-fiv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fluid-flow-carrier-drives-streaming,carrier:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:streaming-potential,replicated,"[""the produced liquid flow passes a charged surface or through a charged channel; the charged boundary is a condition of the step"",""not something the upstream flow provides""]","[""env-aqueous"",""flow-required"",""charged-surface-required""]",kinetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:yin-2014-graphene-flow"",""source:yang-2003-electrokinetic""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fluid-flow-carrier-drives-streaming,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flow-drives-lift,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,established,"[""a rotor whose blades meet the stream at a working angle of attack""]","[""flow-required""]",kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:betz-1920"",""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flow-drives-lift,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-produces-motion,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-member,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,member_of,coupling:turbomachinery,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-bounded-betz,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,bounded_by,constraint:betz-limit,established,"[""open rotor without a duct""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:betz-1920"",""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-bounded-betz,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-implemented-wind,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,implemented_by,transducer:wind-turbine,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-implemented-wind,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-implemented-tidal,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,implemented_by,transducer:tidal-turbine,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-implemented-tidal,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flow-drives-fiv,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:flow-induced-vibration,established,"[""a bluff or flexible body in the stream at a Reynolds number where vortex shedding locks to a structural mode""]","[""flow-required""]",kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flow-drives-fiv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fiv-produces-vibration,phenomenon:flow-induced-vibration,produces,disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fiv-produces-vibration,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:descent-produces-waterwheel-motion,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,established,"[""falling or flowing water transfers weight and momentum to waterwheel buckets or paddles"",""producing shaft rotation""]","[""state-liquid"",""flow-required""]",mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/descent-produces-waterwheel-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:generator-action-implemented,phenomenon:generator-action,implemented_by,transducer:rotating-generator,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/generator-action-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-implemented-generator,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:rotating-generator,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-implemented-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:joule-ms-implemented-me-composite,phenomenon:joule-magnetostriction,implemented_by,transducer:magnetoelectric-composite,established,"[""the magnetostrictive layer of a magnetoelectric laminate; strain is passed to the bonded piezoelectric layer""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/joule-ms-implemented-me-composite,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-implemented-me-composite,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:magnetoelectric-composite,established,"[""the piezoelectric layer of a magnetoelectric laminate"",""strained by the bonded magnetostrictive layer""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nan-2008""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-implemented-me-composite,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-expansion-implemented-bimetal,phenomenon:thermal-expansion,implemented_by,transducer:bimetal-piezo-harvester,demonstrated,"[""a bimetallic strip that snaps between hot and cold plates as it expands and contracts""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:boughaleb-2016-bimetal-piezo""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-expansion-implemented-bimetal,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-implemented-bimetal,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:bimetal-piezo-harvester,demonstrated,"[""the piezoelectric element struck by the snapping strip""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:boughaleb-2016-bimetal-piezo""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-implemented-bimetal,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:gravity-drives-descent,disequilibrium:gravitational-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,established,[],"[""state-liquid""]",gravitational,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/gravity-drives-descent,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:descent-produces-pressure,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,produces,carrier:hydraulic-pressure,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/descent-produces-pressure,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:descent-produces-flow,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,produces,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,established,[],[],mechanical,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/descent-produces-flow,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:descent-member,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,member_of,coupling:turbomachinery,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/descent-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:descent-implemented-hydro,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,implemented_by,transducer:hydro-turbine,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/descent-implemented-hydro,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hydraulic-drives-lift,carrier:hydraulic-pressure,drives,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,established,"[""pressurised water expanded through a reaction or impulse turbine""]","[""state-liquid"",""flow-required""]",mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hydraulic-drives-lift,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pressure-drives-lift,disequilibrium:pressure-gradient,drives,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,established,"[""a pressure difference driving flow through a turbine stage""]","[""flow-required""]",mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pressure-drives-lift,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pressure-drives-elastic,disequilibrium:pressure-gradient,drives,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,established,"[""pressure acting on a diaphragm or shell""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pressure-drives-elastic,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tide-drives,disequilibrium:gravitational-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:tidal-flow,established,"[""coastal geometry that funnels the tidal range into a current or a head""]","[""state-liquid"",""flow-required""]",gravitational,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tide-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tide-produces-flow,phenomenon:tidal-flow,produces,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,established,[],[],kinetic,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tide-produces-flow,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tide-member,phenomenon:tidal-flow,member_of,coupling:turbomachinery,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tide-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:wave-drives,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:ocean-wave-motion,established,"[""wind fetch over open water""]","[""state-liquid""]",kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:salter-1974"",""source:falnes-2002""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/wave-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:wave-produces-motion,phenomenon:ocean-wave-motion,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,demonstrated,"[""a buoy, flap or water column following the wave""]",[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:salter-1974""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/wave-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:wave-produces-pressure,phenomenon:ocean-wave-motion,produces,disequilibrium:pressure-gradient,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:salter-1974"",""source:falnes-2002""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/wave-produces-pressure,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:wave-member,phenomenon:ocean-wave-motion,member_of,coupling:turbomachinery,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:salter-1974"",""source:falnes-2002""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/wave-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:wave-implemented,phenomenon:ocean-wave-motion,implemented_by,transducer:wave-energy-converter,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:salter-1974""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/wave-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pressure-drives-streaming,disequilibrium:pressure-gradient,drives,phenomenon:streaming-potential,established,"[""electrolyte forced through a channel with charged walls; efficiency peaks when the Debye length is comparable to the channel width""]","[""env-aqueous"",""flow-required""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:yang-2003-electrokinetic"",""source:hunter-1981""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pressure-drives-streaming,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:streaming-produces-ions,phenomenon:streaming-potential,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2003-electrokinetic"",""source:hunter-1981""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/streaming-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:streaming-member,phenomenon:streaming-potential,member_of,coupling:electrokinetic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2003-electrokinetic"",""source:hunter-1981""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/streaming-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:streaming-implemented,phenomenon:streaming-potential,implemented_by,transducer:electrokinetic-microchannel,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2003-electrokinetic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/streaming-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:streaming-onsager,phenomenon:streaming-potential,governed_by,constraint:onsager-reciprocity,established,"[""streaming current and electro-osmosis are reciprocal""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/streaming-onsager,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flow-drives-streaming,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:streaming-potential,replicated,"[""flow past a charged surface""]","[""env-aqueous"",""flow-required""]",kinetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:yin-2014-graphene-flow"",""source:yang-2003-electrokinetic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flow-drives-streaming,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:capillary-drives-hydrovoltaic,disequilibrium:capillary-pressure,drives,phenomenon:hydrovoltaic-effect,demonstrated,"[""a porous carbon film wicking water with one end exposed to air""]","[""env-aqueous"",""humidity-required""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/capillary-drives-hydrovoltaic,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:humidity-drives-evaporation,disequilibrium:humidity-gradient,drives,phenomenon:evaporation,established,[],"[""state-liquid"",""humidity-required""]",chemical,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:chen-2015-evaporation"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/humidity-drives-evaporation,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:evaporation-produces-capillary,phenomenon:evaporation,produces,disequilibrium:capillary-pressure,demonstrated,"[""evaporation from a porous surface sustains capillary flow behind it""]",[],chemical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/evaporation-produces-capillary,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:evaporation-produces-motion,phenomenon:evaporation,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,demonstrated,"[""hygroscopic spores or films that swell and shrink with humidity, driving a piston or oscillator""]",[],chemical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:chen-2015-evaporation""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/evaporation-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:evaporation-member,phenomenon:evaporation,member_of,coupling:electrokinetic,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/evaporation-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hydrovoltaic-produces-ions,phenomenon:hydrovoltaic-effect,produces,carrier:ionic-current,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hydrovoltaic-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hydrovoltaic-member,phenomenon:hydrovoltaic-effect,member_of,coupling:electrokinetic,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hydrovoltaic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hydrovoltaic-implemented,phenomenon:hydrovoltaic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:hydrovoltaic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hydrovoltaic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hydrovoltaic-observed-carbon,phenomenon:hydrovoltaic-effect,observed_in,material:carbon-black-film,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xue-2017-hydrovoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hydrovoltaic-observed-carbon,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flow-drives-mhd,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:magnetohydrodynamic-effect,established,"[""an electrically conducting fluid — seeded combustion plasma or liquid metal — crossing a strong magnetic field between electrodes""]","[""flow-required"",""field-magnetic-required""]",kinetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:rosa-1961-mhd"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm"",""source:nasa-lewis-mhd-tech-preview""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flow-drives-mhd,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hot-gas-drives-mhd,carrier:hot-gas,drives,phenomenon:magnetohydrodynamic-effect,demonstrated,"[""combustion gas above ~2500 K seeded with potassium to make it conducting""]","[""state-plasma"",""temp-high"",""field-magnetic-required"",""flow-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:rosa-1961-mhd"",""source:nasa-lewis-mhd-tech-preview""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hot-gas-drives-mhd,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:mhd-produces,phenomenon:magnetohydrodynamic-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:rosa-1961-mhd"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/mhd-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:mhd-member,phenomenon:magnetohydrodynamic-effect,member_of,coupling:magnetohydrodynamic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:rosa-1961-mhd"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/mhd-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:mhd-implemented,phenomenon:magnetohydrodynamic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:mhd-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:rosa-1961-mhd""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/mhd-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:mhd-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:magnetohydrodynamic-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,"[""when the flow is produced by a thermal expansion""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:rosa-1961-mhd"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/mhd-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:vibration-drives-elastic,disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration,drives,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,established,"[""cyclic deformation of an elastic member (a cantilever"",""a plate"",""a sheet) by base or inertial excitation; operation at a structural resonance amplifies the deformation but is not required""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:erturk-inman-2011"",""source:yang-2025-flexoelectric-harvester"",""source:kumar-2019-vibration-refrigeration""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/vibration-drives-elastic,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastic-produces-stress,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,produces,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,established,"[""the deformed member carries a cyclic stress or strain state that can drive a stress-driven conversion (flexoelectric"",""elastocaloric"",""piezoelectric)""]",[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastic-produces-stress,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flexo-implemented-vibration-harvester,phenomenon:flexoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:flexoelectric-vibration-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2025-flexoelectric-harvester""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flexo-implemented-vibration-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastic-implemented-vibration-harvester,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,implemented_by,transducer:flexoelectric-vibration-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2025-flexoelectric-harvester""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastic-implemented-vibration-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-implemented-vibration-cooler,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:vibration-elastocaloric-cooler,theoretically-predicted,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:kumar-2019-vibration-refrigeration""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-implemented-vibration-cooler,A finite-element proposal; no device has been built.
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-implemented-bending-cooler,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:bending-elastocaloric-air-cooler,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:li-2022-bending-elastocaloric""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-implemented-bending-cooler,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-produces-motion,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,replicated,"[""a floating or interface-bound body whose asymmetry (shape, or where it emits a surfactant or absorbs heat) leaves a net surface-tension force or torque on it"",""the body must be free to move on the interface; a rigid wall only sets up a flow""]","[""state-liquid""]",kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:maggi-2015-thermocapillary-gears"",""source:frenkel-2019-marangoni-generator""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-produces-motion,"Two independent groups: thermocapillary microgears (Maggi et al. 2015, light-heated, up to 300 r.p.m.) and solutocapillary camphor rotors carrying magnets past a coil (Frenkel et al. 2019, 10–20 h). Distinct from Marangoni flow turning a rotor: here the Marangoni stress acts on the moving body directly."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-implemented-micromotor,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermocapillary-micromotor,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:maggi-2015-thermocapillary-gears""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-implemented-micromotor,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-implemented-rotor-generator,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,implemented_by,transducer:marangoni-rotor-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:frenkel-2019-marangoni-generator""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-implemented-rotor-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-implemented-rotor-generator,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:marangoni-rotor-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:frenkel-2019-marangoni-generator""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-implemented-rotor-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ferrofluid-convection-couples-induction,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,couples_to,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,demonstrated,"[""magnetised ferrofluid advects through a closed loop wound with induction coils, so the flux linked by each coil changes as magnetised packets pass"",""a permanent-magnet bias field keeps the fluid magnetised where it moves past the coils""]","[""state-liquid"",""field-magnetic-required"",""temp-gradient-required""]",kinetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:chiolerio-2020-thermomagnetic-harvester""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ferrofluid-convection-couples-induction,"One lab-scale prototype (Chiolerio et al. 2020): a toroidal loop with poloidal or mixed poloidal/toroidal windings, water carrier with ferrofluid packets, up to 10.4 μW per kelvin. One paper is demonstrated, not established."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ferrofluid-convection-implemented-harvester,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,implemented_by,transducer:thermomagnetic-hydrodynamic-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chiolerio-2020-thermomagnetic-harvester""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ferrofluid-convection-implemented-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-implemented-thermomagnetic-harvester,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:thermomagnetic-hydrodynamic-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chiolerio-2020-thermomagnetic-harvester""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-implemented-thermomagnetic-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ferrofluid-convection-implemented-fluid-engine,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,implemented_by,transducer:thermomagnetic-fluid-engine,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zhou-2009-thermomagnetic-engine""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ferrofluid-convection-implemented-fluid-engine,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-implemented-fluid-engine,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,implemented_by,transducer:thermomagnetic-fluid-engine,demonstrated,"[""the rotor sits in the circulating magnetic fluid and is turned by it""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zhou-2009-thermomagnetic-engine""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-implemented-fluid-engine,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-implemented-nanofluidic-converter,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,implemented_by,transducer:thermo-driven-nanofluidic-converter,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zhao-2020-thermo-nanofluidics""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-implemented-nanofluidic-converter,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:streaming-implemented-nanofluidic-converter,phenomenon:streaming-potential,implemented_by,transducer:thermo-driven-nanofluidic-converter,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zhao-2020-thermo-nanofluidics""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/streaming-implemented-nanofluidic-converter,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-implemented-pneumatic-harvester,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:pneumatic-pressure-piezo-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2022-pneumatic-piezo-harvester""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-implemented-pneumatic-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastic-implemented-pneumatic-harvester,phenomenon:elastic-deformation,implemented_by,transducer:pneumatic-pressure-piezo-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:yang-2022-pneumatic-piezo-harvester""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastic-implemented-pneumatic-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-implemented-wave-impact-harvester,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:wave-impact-piezo-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:mozumder-2026-wave-impact-piezo""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-implemented-wave-impact-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:wave-implemented-wave-impact-harvester,phenomenon:ocean-wave-motion,implemented_by,transducer:wave-impact-piezo-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:mozumder-2026-wave-impact-piezo""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/wave-implemented-wave-impact-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-pressure-bounded-momentum-flux,phenomenon:radiation-pressure,bounded_by,constraint:radiation-momentum-flux,established,"[""p = I/c for full absorption and at most 2I/c for perfect reflection at normal incidence; the mechanical power per unit area a surface moving at speed v can take is at most p·v""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm"",""source:nichols-hull-1901""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-pressure-bounded-momentum-flux,"The bound scopes the coupling by irradiance rather than declaring it impossible: in full sunlight it caps the mechanical power at ≈ 7 × 10⁻⁷ W m⁻² for a surface receding at 0.1 m s⁻¹, so a generator driven by radiation pressure is a micro-scale or high-irradiance proposition."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-drives-pressure,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:radiation-pressure,established,"[""radiation absorbed or reflected by a surface; force per unit area I/c absorbed, 2I/c reflected at normal incidence — about 9 µPa in full sunlight"",""mechanical work requires displacement or deformation under the radiation-pressure force; absorbed optical power may additionally thermalise, perfect reflection dissipates nothing""]",[],radiative,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:nichols-hull-1901"",""source:trowbridge-2025-radiation-pressure"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-drives-pressure,"Solar sails (IKAROS 2010, LightSail 2 2019) convert this momentum flux into spacecraft kinetic energy in flight."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-pressure-produces-motion,phenomenon:radiation-pressure,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,established,"[""the illuminated body is mechanically free or compliant enough to move or deform under the radiation-pressure force""]",[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:trowbridge-2025-radiation-pressure""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-pressure-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-pressure-member,phenomenon:radiation-pressure,member_of,coupling:photon-momentum,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:trowbridge-2025-radiation-pressure""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-pressure-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-drives-photon-drag,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photon-drag-effect,established,"[""absorbed or redirected radiation in a semiconductor or thin metal film supporting photon drag; the longitudinal response scales with the optical drive while its polarity is material- and interface-dependent""]","[""state-solid"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:gibson-1970-photon-drag"",""source:strait-2019-photon-drag""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-drives-photon-drag,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photon-drag-produces,phenomenon:photon-drag-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:gibson-1970-photon-drag"",""source:strait-2019-photon-drag""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photon-drag-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photon-drag-member,phenomenon:photon-drag-effect,member_of,coupling:photon-momentum,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:strait-2019-photon-drag"",""source:gibson-1970-photon-drag""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photon-drag-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:concentration-drives-dufour,disequilibrium:concentration-gradient,drives,phenomenon:dufour-effect,established,"[""a composition gradient in a liquid or gas mixture; the heat flux is the Onsager-reciprocal partner of Soret thermodiffusion""]",[],chemical,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:rowley-horne-1978-dufour"",""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/concentration-drives-dufour,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:dufour-produces-heat,phenomenon:dufour-effect,produces,carrier:heat-flow,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:rowley-horne-1978-dufour"",""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/dufour-produces-heat,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:dufour-member,phenomenon:dufour-effect,member_of,coupling:thermodiffusive,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/dufour-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:dufour-onsager,phenomenon:dufour-effect,governed_by,constraint:onsager-reciprocity,established,"[""near equilibrium the properly defined heat–mass Onsager cross-coefficients are reciprocal when fluxes and conjugate forces use the same convention; this does not imply numerical equality of the convention-dependent Soret and Dufour coefficients""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:onsager-1931"",""source:rowley-horne-1978-dufour"",""source:degroot-mazur-1962"",""source:wurger-2014-dufour-onsager""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/dufour-onsager,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:soret-member,phenomenon:soret-effect,member_of,coupling:thermodiffusive,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/soret-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ionic-te-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:ionic-thermoelectric-effect,established,"[""an electrolyte (liquid, gel or polymer) under a temperature difference; ionic Seebeck coefficients of 1–10 mV/K arise from differential thermodiffusion of cations and anions, without electrode redox entropy""]","[""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bonetti-2011-ionic-seebeck"",""source:zhao-wurger-crispin-2021-ionic-te""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ionic-te-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ionic-te-produces,phenomenon:ionic-thermoelectric-effect,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:zhao-wurger-crispin-2021-ionic-te""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ionic-te-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ionic-te-member,phenomenon:ionic-thermoelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:thermodiffusive,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zhao-wurger-crispin-2021-ionic-te""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ionic-te-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ionic-te-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:ionic-thermoelectric-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zhao-wurger-crispin-2021-ionic-te""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ionic-te-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:surface-drives-marangoni,disequilibrium:surface-energy-difference,drives,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,established,"[""a gradient of surface tension along a free liquid interface, from composition (solutocapillary) or temperature (thermocapillary)""]","[""state-liquid""]",surface,kinetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:scriven-sternling-1960"",""source:marangoni-review-2021""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/surface-drives-marangoni,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-marangoni,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,established,"[""thermocapillary case: surface tension falls with temperature, so a temperature gradient along the interface drives flow toward the cold side""]","[""state-liquid"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,kinetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:scriven-sternling-1960"",""source:marangoni-review-2021""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-marangoni,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-produces-flow,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,produces,carrier:fluid-flow,established,[],[],kinetic,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:scriven-sternling-1960"",""source:marangoni-review-2021""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-produces-flow,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-member,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,member_of,coupling:marangoni,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:marangoni-review-2021""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustic-drives-acoustoelectric,disequilibrium:acoustic-field,drives,phenomenon:acoustoelectric-effect,demonstrated,"[""a travelling acoustic wave in a piezoelectric semiconductor (CdS, GaAs) or a metal; the dc current follows the wave's direction and is proportional to the absorbed acoustic power""]","[""state-solid""]",acoustic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:parmenter-1953"",""source:weinreich-white-1957""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustic-drives-acoustoelectric,"Parmenter 1953 is the theoretical prediction; Weinreich and White 1957 the one experimental observation recorded so far, so the atlas threshold for established (two independent groups, or a review or book) is not yet met."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustic-wave-drives-acoustoelectric,carrier:acoustic-wave,drives,phenomenon:acoustoelectric-effect,demonstrated,"[""a travelling longitudinal bulk acoustic wave propagates through a semiconductor, or a travelling surface acoustic wave is coupled to mobile carriers"",""net DC Weinreich drag requires directed acoustic momentum; a pure standing wave does not by itself supply the required net momentum"",""a gas-borne acoustic wave may couple mechanically into the solid at a gas–solid boundary; an active piezoelectric launcher is an optional implementation, not part of the acoustoelectric effect""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor""]",acoustic,electrical,thermal,|j_AE| = μ |Γ| I_s / v_s,quantity:acoustic-intensity,quantity:current-density,A/W,"[""source:weinreich-white-1957"",""source:parmenter-1953"",""source:weinreich-1957-attenuation"",""source:weinreich-sanders-white-1959"",""source:atashbar-2026-graphene-pmn-pt""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustic-wave-drives-acoustoelectric,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustoelectric-produces,phenomenon:acoustoelectric-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:weinreich-white-1957"",""source:parmenter-1953""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustoelectric-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustoelectric-member,phenomenon:acoustoelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:acoustoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:parmenter-1953"",""source:weinreich-white-1957""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustoelectric-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustic-field-drives-piezo,disequilibrium:acoustic-field,drives,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,established,"[""an acoustic pressure field stressing a piezoelectric element; the working principle of piezoelectric microphones and many piezoelectric ultrasonic receivers""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-non-centrosymmetric""]",acoustic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985"",""source:erturk-inman-2011""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustic-field-drives-piezo,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-spin-nernst,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:spin-nernst-effect,established,"[""a heavy metal with strong spin–orbit coupling (Pt, W) under a longitudinal temperature gradient; detected through the magnetoresistance of an adjacent magnetic insulator""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,spin,thermal,,,,,"[""source:meyer-2017-spin-nernst"",""source:bose-tulapurkar-2019-spin-nernst""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-spin-nernst,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-nernst-produces,phenomenon:spin-nernst-effect,produces,carrier:spin-current,established,[],[],spin,spin,,,,,,"[""source:meyer-2017-spin-nernst"",""source:bose-tulapurkar-2019-spin-nernst""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-nernst-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-nernst-member,phenomenon:spin-nernst-effect,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bose-tulapurkar-2019-spin-nernst""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-nernst-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-drives-dember,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photo-dember-effect,established,"[""non-uniform above-gap illumination of a semiconductor with a large electron–hole mobility difference (InAs, InSb); pulsed excitation gives the transient current used for terahertz emission, steady illumination a Dember photovoltage""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:johnston-2002-dember"",""source:apostolopoulos-barnes-2014-dember"",""source:schetzina-1975-dember""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-drives-dember,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:dember-produces-charge,phenomenon:photo-dember-effect,produces,carrier:surface-charge,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:apostolopoulos-barnes-2014-dember""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/dember-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:dember-member,phenomenon:photo-dember-effect,member_of,coupling:photodiffusive,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:apostolopoulos-barnes-2014-dember""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/dember-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-thermo-osmosis,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,established,"[""a membrane separating two reservoirs of the same liquid at different temperatures; the flow direction depends on the membrane–liquid interaction""]","[""medium-membrane"",""temp-gradient-required"",""state-liquid""]",thermal,kinetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:barragan-kjelstrup-2017-thermo-osmosis"",""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-thermo-osmosis,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-produces-flow,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,produces,carrier:fluid-flow,established,[],[],kinetic,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:barragan-kjelstrup-2017-thermo-osmosis"",""source:straub-2016-toec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-produces-flow,"Confined in a nanochannel (Zhao 2020) or collected as a pressurised bulk flow: Straub et al. 2016 measured 3.53 W/m² of hydraulic power from the thermo-osmotic flux, so the produced flow can load a turbine."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-couples-streaming,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,couples_to,phenomenon:streaming-potential,demonstrated,"[""a charged, ion-selective nanochannel or nanoporous membrane contains an electrolyte"",""a sustained temperature difference drives thermo-osmotic liquid motion along the charged interface"",""electrical-double-layer counter-ions are preferentially transported by that flow"",""no external electrical bias is required for the measured short-circuit current"",""pressure-driven current is absent, negligible or separately controlled when the thermo-driven contribution is attributed""]","[""env-aqueous"",""medium-membrane"",""temp-gradient-required"",""flow-required""]",kinetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:zhao-2020-thermo-nanofluidics""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-couples-streaming,"One physical experiment (Zhao et al. 2020): a track-etched polyimide membrane between hot and cold reservoirs gave a streaming current rising linearly with ΔT to 14 nA at 47.5 °C over 0.5 cm², direction set by the surface charge (pH). One paper is demonstrated, not established."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-implemented-toec,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,implemented_by,transducer:thermo-osmotic-energy-converter,demonstrated,"[""hydrophobic nanoporous membrane between a hot reservoir and a pressurised cold reservoir; hydraulic pressures up to 13 bar reported""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:straub-2016-toec""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-implemented-toec,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-member,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,member_of,coupling:thermo-osmotic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:barragan-kjelstrup-2017-thermo-osmosis""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:flow-drives-ehd,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,drives,phenomenon:electrohydrodynamic-generation,established,"[""a dielectric fluid carrying injected charge is driven by the flow against an electric field to a collector electrode""]","[""flow-required"",""field-electric-required""]",kinetic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:ehd-generator-1977"",""source:ehd-review-2025""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/flow-drives-ehd,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ehd-produces,phenomenon:electrohydrodynamic-generation,produces,carrier:fluid-space-charge,established,"[""monopolar charge injected into a dielectric liquid (n-hexane in the 1977 generator) is carried by the flow against the field to a collector""]",[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:ehd-generator-1977"",""source:ehd-review-2025""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ehd-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:fluid-space-charge-converts-electricity,carrier:fluid-space-charge,converts_into,output:electricity,established,"[""charge collected at an electrode and driven through an external load at the potential the flow maintains""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:ehd-generator-1977"",""source:ehd-review-2025""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/fluid-space-charge-converts-electricity,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ehd-member,phenomenon:electrohydrodynamic-generation,member_of,coupling:electrohydrodynamic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:ehd-review-2025""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ehd-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-ferrofluid-convection,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,established,"[""a ferrofluid whose magnetisation decreases with temperature, in a non-uniform magnetic field aligned with the temperature gradient""]","[""state-liquid"",""field-magnetic-required"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,kinetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:rosensweig-1985"",""source:suslov-2022-ferrofluid""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-ferrofluid-convection,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ferrofluid-convection-produces-flow,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,produces,carrier:fluid-flow,established,[],[],kinetic,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:rosensweig-1985"",""source:zhou-2009-thermomagnetic-engine""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ferrofluid-convection-produces-flow,The circulating flow carries a directed momentum flux that can load a blade: Zhou et al. 2009 drove a rotor with it (recorded as pathway:thermomagnetic-fluid-engine).
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ferrofluid-convection-implemented-pump,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,implemented_by,transducer:thermomagnetic-pump,demonstrated,"[""a closed ferrofluid loop with a permanent magnet over the heated section; self-circulating heat transport with no moving parts""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lian-2009-thermomagnetic-pump""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ferrofluid-convection-implemented-pump,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ferrofluid-convection-member,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-ferrofluid-convection,member_of,coupling:thermomagnetic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:suslov-2022-ferrofluid""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ferrofluid-convection-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-shape-memory,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermally-driven-shape-memory-effect,established,"[""a shape-memory alloy (NiTi) cycled between a hot reservoir above its austenite finish temperature and a cold one below its martensite finish temperature, under load""]","[""state-solid"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:otsuka-wayman-1998"",""source:sma-heat-engine-2019""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-shape-memory,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:shape-memory-produces-motion,phenomenon:thermally-driven-shape-memory-effect,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:sma-heat-engine-2019"",""source:otsuka-wayman-1998""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/shape-memory-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:shape-memory-member,phenomenon:thermally-driven-shape-memory-effect,member_of,coupling:caloric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:otsuka-wayman-1998""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/shape-memory-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:shape-memory-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermally-driven-shape-memory-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,"[""applies when the shape-memory effect is operated cyclically as a heat engine between hot and cold reservoirs; it does not bound a one-shot thermally triggered shape-recovery event""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:sma-heat-engine-2019"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/shape-memory-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:shape-memory-observed-niti,phenomenon:thermally-driven-shape-memory-effect,observed_in,material:nitinol,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:otsuka-wayman-1998""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/shape-memory-observed-niti,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-thermochemical-cycle,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermochemical-redox-cycle,established,"[""a redox-active metal oxide (ceria, ferrites) reduced at 1400–1800 K, typically in a solar receiver, and re-oxidised by H₂O or CO₂ at 800–1200 K""]","[""temp-high""]",thermal,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:steinfeld-2005-thermochemical"",""source:abanades-2022-thermochemical""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-thermochemical-cycle,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermochemical-cycle-produces-fuel,phenomenon:thermochemical-redox-cycle,produces,carrier:chemical-fuel,established,[],[],chemical,chemical,,,,,,"[""source:abanades-2022-thermochemical""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermochemical-cycle-produces-fuel,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:chemical-fuel-converts-output,carrier:chemical-fuel,converts_into,output:chemical-fuel,established,[],[],chemical,chemical,,,,,,"[""source:steinfeld-2005-thermochemical""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/chemical-fuel-converts-output,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermochemical-cycle-member,phenomenon:thermochemical-redox-cycle,member_of,coupling:thermochemical,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:abanades-2022-thermochemical""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermochemical-cycle-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermochemical-cycle-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermochemical-redox-cycle,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,"[""for an ideal solar thermochemical process the heat-to-work (exergy) factor is bounded by 1 − T_L/T_H, with T_H the receiver/process temperature and T_L the heat-rejection reservoir, usually the environment; T_L is not in general the re-oxidation temperature; the receiver absorption efficiency multiplies this factor""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:steinfeld-2005-thermochemical""]",true,2026-09-20,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermochemical-cycle-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:decay-produces-alpha,phenomenon:radioactive-decay,produces,carrier:alpha-particles,established,"[""alpha emitters such as Pu-238, Am-241, Po-210""]",[],nuclear,nuclear,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014"",""source:spencer-alam-2019-alphavoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/decay-produces-alpha,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:alpha-drives-alphavoltaic,carrier:alpha-particles,drives,phenomenon:alphavoltaic-effect,established,"[""alpha particles stopped within tens of micrometres of a semiconductor junction; displacement damage degrades output far faster than for beta sources""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor"",""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,electronic-excitation,thermal,,,,,"[""source:spencer-alam-2019-alphavoltaic"",""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/alpha-drives-alphavoltaic,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:alphavoltaic-produces-pairs,phenomenon:alphavoltaic-effect,produces,carrier:electron-hole-pairs,established,[],[],electronic-excitation,electronic-excitation,,,,,,"[""source:spencer-alam-2019-alphavoltaic""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/alphavoltaic-produces-pairs,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:alphavoltaic-member,phenomenon:alphavoltaic-effect,member_of,coupling:radiovoltaic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/alphavoltaic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:alpha-drives-heating,carrier:alpha-particles,drives,phenomenon:radioisotope-heating,established,"[""alpha particles stopped within the source pellet and its cladding (the RTG case)""]","[""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/alpha-drives-heating,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:beta-drives-radioluminescence,carrier:beta-particles,drives,phenomenon:radioluminescence,established,"[""a phosphor or scintillator (ZnS:Cu, plastic scintillator) excited by beta particles; tritium and Ni-63 sources are the usual choice for lifetime and shielding""]","[""state-solid"",""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,radiative,thermal,,,,,"[""source:iwan-2021-radioluminescence"",""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/beta-drives-radioluminescence,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:alpha-drives-radioluminescence,carrier:alpha-particles,drives,phenomenon:radioluminescence,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""radioisotope-required""]",nuclear,radiative,thermal,,,,,"[""source:iwan-2021-radioluminescence"",""source:prelas-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/alpha-drives-radioluminescence,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radioluminescence-produces-photons,phenomenon:radioluminescence,produces,carrier:photons,established,[],[],radiative,radiative,,,,,,"[""source:iwan-2021-radioluminescence""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radioluminescence-produces-photons,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radioluminescence-converts-light,phenomenon:radioluminescence,converts_into,output:light,established,"[""self-powered exit signs, watch dials and gun sights (tritium light sources)""]",[],radiative,radiative,,,,,,"[""source:iwan-2021-radioluminescence""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radioluminescence-converts-light,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radioluminescence-member,phenomenon:radioluminescence,member_of,coupling:radioluminescent,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:iwan-2021-radioluminescence""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radioluminescence-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:shape-memory-implemented,phenomenon:thermally-driven-shape-memory-effect,implemented_by,transducer:shape-memory-heat-engine,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:sma-heat-engine-2019"",""source:otsuka-wayman-1998""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/shape-memory-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-implemented-md-epg,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,implemented_by,transducer:thermal-osmosis-electrokinetic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:luo-2023-thermal-osmosis-electrokinetic"",""source:huang-2021-membrane-distiller-electrokinetic""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-implemented-md-epg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:streaming-implemented-md-epg,phenomenon:streaming-potential,implemented_by,transducer:thermal-osmosis-electrokinetic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:luo-2023-thermal-osmosis-electrokinetic"",""source:huang-2021-membrane-distiller-electrokinetic""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/streaming-implemented-md-epg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermo-osmosis-implemented-pgto,phenomenon:thermo-osmosis,implemented_by,transducer:permeate-gap-thermo-osmotic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xiao-2024-permeate-gap-thermo-osmotic""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermo-osmosis-implemented-pgto,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:lift-implemented-pgto,phenomenon:aerodynamic-lift,implemented_by,transducer:permeate-gap-thermo-osmotic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:xiao-2024-permeate-gap-thermo-osmotic""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/lift-implemented-pgto,"The small hydro-turbine generator of layout 1, fed from the elevated tank; the bulb was lit, no output figure is reported."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-emission-implemented-microtpv,phenomenon:thermal-emission,implemented_by,transducer:micro-thermophotovoltaic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chan-2013-microthermophotovoltaic""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-emission-implemented-microtpv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-implemented-microtpv,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:micro-thermophotovoltaic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chan-2013-microthermophotovoltaic""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-implemented-microtpv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radioluminescence-implemented-rl-battery,phenomenon:radioluminescence,implemented_by,transducer:radioluminescent-nuclear-battery,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:russo-2017-radioluminescent-nuclear-battery""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radioluminescence-implemented-rl-battery,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-implemented-rl-battery,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:radioluminescent-nuclear-battery,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:russo-2017-radioluminescent-nuclear-battery""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-implemented-rl-battery,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:evaporation-implemented-generator,phenomenon:evaporation,implemented_by,transducer:evaporation-driven-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chen-2015-evaporation""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/evaporation-implemented-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-implemented-evaporation-generator,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:evaporation-driven-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chen-2015-evaporation""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-implemented-evaporation-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-produces-confined-flow,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,produces,carrier:fluid-flow,demonstrated,"[""thermocapillary pumping of a liquid plug or droplet confined in a microchannel; the surface-tension gradient translates the plug rather than producing only local interfacial circulation""]",[],kinetic,kinetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:glockner-naterer-2006-thermocapillary-pumping"",""source:odukoya-naterer-2013-thermocapillary-mhe""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-produces-confined-flow,"Thermocapillary pumping (TCP) of a discrete droplet in a closed microchannel: the plug's displacement and velocity were measured on the PZT device of Odukoya & Naterer 2013 and in their 2010 experiments. The confined translating plug is bulk, loadable flow; that fact must not leak onto open-surface Marangoni circulation, which keeps its own claim and tokens."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:marangoni-produces-pressure,phenomenon:marangoni-effect,produces,disequilibrium:pressure-gradient,theoretically-predicted,"[""a thermocapillary-driven liquid plug moves in a closed-ended microchannel and compresses the trapped gas; the pressure rise is the load presented to the compliant membrane""]",[],kinetic,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:glockner-naterer-2006-thermocapillary-pumping"",""source:odukoya-naterer-2013-thermocapillary-mhe""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/marangoni-produces-pressure,"Kept below demonstrated: the Odukoya device measured heater and droplet behaviour, while the pressure field feeding the membrane (about 0.1 kPa for a 13 μm deflection in the model) comes from the force balance, not a measurement."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:descent-implemented-waterwheel-generator,phenomenon:hydrostatic-descent,implemented_by,transducer:waterwheel-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:asim-2022-pico-waterwheel""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/descent-implemented-waterwheel-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:induction-implemented-waterwheel-generator,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,implemented_by,transducer:waterwheel-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:asim-2022-pico-waterwheel""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/induction-implemented-waterwheel-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-implemented-piezo-harvester,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermoacoustic-piezoelectric-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zheng-2022-thermoacoustic-pan""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-implemented-piezo-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:piezo-implemented-thermoacoustic-harvester,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermoacoustic-piezoelectric-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:zheng-2022-thermoacoustic-pan""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-implemented-thermoacoustic-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-implemented-tribo-harvester,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermoacoustic-triboelectric-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:li-2026-thermoacoustic-teng""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-implemented-tribo-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:tribo-implemented-thermoacoustic-harvester,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermoacoustic-triboelectric-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:li-2026-thermoacoustic-teng""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/tribo-implemented-thermoacoustic-harvester,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-thermopolarization,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermopolarization-effect,reported,"[""a spatial temperature gradient is applied across an insulating solid dielectric"",""this claim represents the direct thermopolarization contribution; a signal established to arise through thermal expansion → strain gradient → flexoelectricity belongs to that longer pathway instead"",""the solid spelling; the polar-liquid spelling is claim:temperature-drives-liquid-thermopolarization, with its own (simulation) evidence""]",[],thermal,electrical,,P_i = γ_ij ∇_j T,quantity:temperature-gradient,quantity:polarisation,C/(m K),"[""source:marvan-1969-thermopolarization"",""source:tagantsev-1987-thermal-polarization"",""source:trepakov-1989-proper-thermopolarization"",""source:onishi-2025-thermopolarization"",""source:kholkin-1982-thermopolarization-current""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-thermopolarization,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermopolarization-produces-charge,phenomenon:thermopolarization-effect,produces,carrier:surface-charge,reported,"[""the induced bulk polarization terminates at a surface or electrode as bound / screening charge; modulating the gradient produces a displacement / polarization current"",""the solid, electroded dielectric of the 1982–1994 measurements; the polar-liquid spelling has no charge-collection evidence (the simulations report bulk polarization and electrostatic potential) and does not inherit this sink""]",[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:kholkin-1982-thermopolarization-current"",""source:trepakov-1989-proper-thermopolarization"",""source:rafikov-1994-dynamic-thermopolarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermopolarization-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-liquid-thermopolarization,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermopolarization-effect,theoretically-predicted,"[""a polar molecular liquid is maintained under a spatial temperature gradient"",""the response is the non-equilibrium polarization / electrostatic field of the liquid itself, not ionic thermodiffusion and not the pyroelectric response of an already ordered ferroelectric fluid (Máthé et al. 2022's ferroelectric-nematic thermomotor is that other coupling)"",""simulation only: no experiment has measured the polarization of an ordinary polar liquid under a temperature gradient (pass 32 web search, not a route-search-v1 negative)""]",[],thermal,electrical,,E_∥ = S_TP ∇T,quantity:temperature-gradient,quantity:electric-field,V/K,"[""source:bresme-2008-water-polarization"",""source:armstrong-bresme-2015-thermal-polarization-inversion"",""source:gittus-2020-acetonitrile-thermal-polarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-liquid-thermopolarization,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermopolarization-member,phenomenon:thermopolarization-effect,member_of,coupling:thermopolarization,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:tagantsev-1987-thermal-polarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermopolarization-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-implemented-heat-pump,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:regenerative-elastocaloric-heat-pump,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-implemented-heat-pump,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,established,"[""photon energy above the band gap of the absorber"",""a p–n junction or other asymmetry to separate the carriers before they recombine""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,electronic-excitation,thermal,J_sc = R · G,quantity:irradiance,quantity:current-density,A/W,"[""source:becquerel-1839"",""source:chapin-1954"",""source:shockley-queisser-1961""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-produces-pairs,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,produces,carrier:electron-hole-pairs,established,[],[],electronic-excitation,electronic-excitation,thermal,,,,,"[""source:shockley-queisser-1961"",""source:kittel-2005"",""source:green-2024-tables""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-produces-pairs,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pairs-convert-electricity,carrier:electron-hole-pairs,converts_into,output:electricity,established,"[""the junction field separates the pair and the carriers reach the contacts before recombining""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor""]",electronic-excitation,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:shockley-queisser-1961"",""source:kittel-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pairs-convert-electricity,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-member,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,member_of,coupling:photovoltaic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:shockley-queisser-1961"",""source:green-2024-tables""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-bounded-sq,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,bounded_by,constraint:shockley-queisser-limit,established,"[""single junction, unconcentrated sunlight""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:shockley-queisser-1961"",""source:green-2024-tables""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-bounded-sq,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-bounded-landsberg,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,bounded_by,constraint:landsberg-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:landsberg-tonge-1980"",""source:shockley-queisser-1961""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-bounded-landsberg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-implemented,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:photovoltaic-cell,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chapin-1954"",""source:green-2024-tables""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-observed-silicon,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,observed_in,material:silicon,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:chapin-1954"",""source:green-2024-tables""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-observed-silicon,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photons-drive-pv,carrier:photons,drives,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,established,"[""photons from any source, including a thermal emitter, absorbed above the gap""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor""]",radiative,electronic-excitation,thermal,,,,,"[""source:lapotin-2022"",""source:shockley-queisser-1961""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photons-drive-pv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pv-implemented-tpv,phenomenon:photovoltaic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermophotovoltaic-cell,demonstrated,"[""cell band gap matched to a > 2000 K emitter, with a back reflector returning sub-gap photons""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lapotin-2022""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pv-implemented-tpv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:bpv-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:bulk-photovoltaic-effect,established,"[""a homogeneous non-centrosymmetric crystal under uniform illumination; no junction""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-non-centrosymmetric"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:fridkin-1984-bpv"",""source:spanier-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/bpv-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:bpv-produces,phenomenon:bulk-photovoltaic-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:fridkin-1984-bpv"",""source:spanier-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/bpv-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:bpv-member,phenomenon:bulk-photovoltaic-effect,member_of,coupling:photovoltaic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:spanier-2016"",""source:fridkin-1984-bpv""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/bpv-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:bpv-bounded-landsberg,phenomenon:bulk-photovoltaic-effect,bounded_by,constraint:landsberg-limit,established,"[""the Shockley–Queisser limit does not apply because there is no junction, but the Landsberg bound does""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:spanier-2016"",""source:landsberg-tonge-1980""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/bpv-bounded-landsberg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photothermal-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,established,"[""an absorber with high solar absorptance; selective surfaces suppress re-emission""]","[""illumination-required""]",radiative,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:landsberg-tonge-1980""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photothermal-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photothermal-produces-gradient,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photothermal-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photothermal-produces-heat,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,produces,carrier:heat-flow,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photothermal-produces-heat,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photothermal-member,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,member_of,coupling:photothermal,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photothermal-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photothermal-implemented,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,implemented_by,transducer:solar-thermal-collector,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photothermal-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photothermal-bounded-landsberg,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,bounded_by,constraint:landsberg-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:landsberg-tonge-1980"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photothermal-bounded-landsberg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photons-drive-photothermal,carrier:photons,drives,phenomenon:photothermal-effect,established,[],[],radiative,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photons-drive-photothermal,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photoelectric-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photoelectric-effect,established,"[""photon energy above the work function of the emitter; a vacuum gap to a collector""]","[""env-vacuum"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:kittel-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photoelectric-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photoelectric-produces,phenomenon:photoelectric-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:kittel-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photoelectric-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photoelectric-member,phenomenon:photoelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:thermionic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:schwede-2010"",""source:kittel-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photoelectric-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pete-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photon-enhanced-thermionic-emission,demonstrated,"[""concentrated sunlight on a semiconductor cathode held at several hundred °C in vacuum""]","[""env-vacuum"",""temp-high"",""medium-semiconductor"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:schwede-2010""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pete-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pete-produces,phenomenon:photon-enhanced-thermionic-emission,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:schwede-2010""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pete-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pete-member,phenomenon:photon-enhanced-thermionic-emission,member_of,coupling:thermionic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:schwede-2010"",""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pete-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,established,"[""a semiconductor photoelectrode whose band edges straddle the water redox potentials, in an electrolyte, under illumination""]","[""env-aqueous"",""medium-semiconductor"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:fujishima-honda-1972"",""source:gratzel-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-converts-fuel,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,converts_into,output:chemical-fuel,established,"[""hydrogen evolved at the counter-electrode""]",[],chemical,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:fujishima-honda-1972"",""source:gratzel-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-converts-fuel,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-member,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,member_of,coupling:photoelectrochemical,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fujishima-honda-1972"",""source:gratzel-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-implemented,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,implemented_by,transducer:photoelectrochemical-cell,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fujishima-honda-1972""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-bounded-nernst,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,bounded_by,constraint:nernst-potential-bound,established,"[""1.23 V minimum for water splitting""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fujishima-honda-1972"",""source:gratzel-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-bounded-nernst,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photosynthesis-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photosynthesis,established,"[""photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm), water, CO₂, temperatures roughly 0–45 °C""]","[""env-aqueous"",""illumination-required"",""temp-room""]",radiative,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:blankenship-2014-book""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photosynthesis-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photosynthesis-produces-carbon,phenomenon:photosynthesis,produces,carrier:reduced-carbon,established,[],[],chemical,chemical,,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:blankenship-2014-book""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photosynthesis-produces-carbon,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:reduced-carbon-converts-fuel,carrier:reduced-carbon,converts_into,output:chemical-fuel,established,[],[],chemical,chemical,,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:blankenship-2014-book""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/reduced-carbon-converts-fuel,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photosynthesis-member,phenomenon:photosynthesis,member_of,coupling:biological,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:blankenship-2014-book""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photosynthesis-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photosynthesis-bounded-landsberg,phenomenon:photosynthesis,bounded_by,constraint:landsberg-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:landsberg-tonge-1980""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photosynthesis-bounded-landsberg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:chemiosmosis-drives,disequilibrium:concentration-gradient,drives,phenomenon:chemiosmosis,established,"[""a proton gradient across a membrane containing ATP synthase""]","[""env-aqueous"",""medium-membrane"",""temp-room""]",chemical,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:mitchell-1961"",""source:nicholls-ferguson-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/chemiosmosis-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:chemiosmosis-converts-fuel,phenomenon:chemiosmosis,converts_into,output:chemical-fuel,established,"[""ATP synthesised from ADP and phosphate""]",[],chemical,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:mitchell-1961"",""source:nicholls-ferguson-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/chemiosmosis-converts-fuel,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:chemiosmosis-member,phenomenon:chemiosmosis,member_of,coupling:biological,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:mitchell-1961"",""source:nicholls-ferguson-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/chemiosmosis-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiation-drives-antenna,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:antenna-reception,established,"[""radio- or microwave-frequency radiation and an antenna resonant at that frequency""]","[""medium-conductor""]",radiative,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiation-drives-antenna,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:antenna-produces,phenomenon:antenna-reception,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,"[""an oscillating current at the wave frequency""]",[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/antenna-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:antenna-couples-rectification,phenomenon:antenna-reception,couples_to,phenomenon:rectification,established,"[""the antenna feeds a diode matched to its impedance""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor""]",electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/antenna-couples-rectification,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:rectification-produces,phenomenon:rectification,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,"[""direct current out of the diode""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/rectification-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:antenna-member,phenomenon:antenna-reception,member_of,coupling:rectenna,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/antenna-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:rectification-member,phenomenon:rectification,member_of,coupling:rectenna,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/rectification-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:rectenna-implemented,phenomenon:rectification,implemented_by,transducer:rectenna,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:brown-1984"",""source:sharma-2015-rectenna""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/rectenna-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,replicated,"[""a magnetised ferromagnet, metallic or insulating (YIG), under a temperature gradient"",""an adjacent spin sink (heavy-metal layer) is needed for the usual electrical detection through inverse spin Hall conversion, not for the spin-Seebeck response itself""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,spin,thermal,,,,,"[""source:uchida-2008"",""source:uchida-2010-insulator"",""source:bauer-2012"",""source:weiler-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-produces-magnons,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,produces,carrier:magnons,established,[],[],spin,spin,,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-produces-magnons,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-produces-spin-current,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,produces,carrier:spin-current,replicated,"[""magnon current pumps a spin current into the adjacent metal across the interface""]",[],spin,spin,thermal,,,,,"[""source:uchida-2010-insulator"",""source:weiler-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-produces-spin-current,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-member,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-observed-yig,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,observed_in,material:yig,replicated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:uchida-2010-insulator"",""source:weiler-2013""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-observed-yig,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-implemented,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,implemented_by,transducer:spin-seebeck-device,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:uchida-2010-insulator""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sse-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:spin-seebeck-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sse-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnons-drive-transport,carrier:magnons,drives,phenomenon:magnon-transport,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet""]",spin,spin,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnons-drive-transport,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnon-transport-produces-spin-current,phenomenon:magnon-transport,produces,carrier:spin-current,established,"[""at an interface with a normal metal the magnon current transfers angular momentum to conduction electrons""]",[],spin,spin,,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnon-transport-produces-spin-current,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnon-transport-member,phenomenon:magnon-transport,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnon-transport-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-current-drives-ishe,carrier:spin-current,drives,phenomenon:inverse-spin-hall-effect,established,"[""a heavy metal with strong spin–orbit coupling (Pt, Ta, W); works at room temperature""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor"",""temp-room""]",spin,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:saitoh-2006"",""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-current-drives-ishe,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-accumulation-drives-ishe,disequilibrium:spin-accumulation,drives,phenomenon:inverse-spin-hall-effect,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor""]",spin,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:saitoh-2006"",""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-accumulation-drives-ishe,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ishe-produces,phenomenon:inverse-spin-hall-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:saitoh-2006"",""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ishe-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ishe-member,phenomenon:inverse-spin-hall-effect,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ishe-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ishe-observed-pt,phenomenon:inverse-spin-hall-effect,observed_in,material:platinum,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:saitoh-2006"",""source:sinova-2015"",""source:mosendz-2010""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ishe-observed-pt,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ishe-onsager,phenomenon:inverse-spin-hall-effect,governed_by,constraint:onsager-reciprocity,established,"[""the spin Hall and inverse spin Hall angles are equal""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ishe-onsager,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:she-drives,disequilibrium:electric-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:spin-hall-effect,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor""]",electrical,spin,thermal,,,,,"[""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/she-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:she-produces,phenomenon:spin-hall-effect,produces,carrier:spin-current,established,[],[],spin,spin,,,,,,"[""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/she-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:she-member,phenomenon:spin-hall-effect,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:sinova-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/she-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-pumping-drives,disequilibrium:magnetic-field-change,drives,phenomenon:spin-pumping,established,"[""magnetisation driven into precession (ferromagnetic resonance) next to a normal metal""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet"",""field-magnetic-required""]",magnetic,spin,thermal,,,,,"[""source:tserkovnyak-2002"",""source:tserkovnyak-2005-review"",""source:mosendz-2010""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-pumping-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-pumping-produces,phenomenon:spin-pumping,produces,carrier:spin-current,established,[],[],spin,spin,,,,,,"[""source:tserkovnyak-2002"",""source:saitoh-2006"",""source:mosendz-2010""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-pumping-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:spin-pumping-member,phenomenon:spin-pumping,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:tserkovnyak-2002"",""source:tserkovnyak-2005-review""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/spin-pumping-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hall-drives,disequilibrium:electric-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:hall-effect,established,[],"[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor"",""field-magnetic-required""]",electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:hall-1879"",""source:ashcroft-mermin-1976""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hall-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hall-produces,phenomenon:hall-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:hall-1879"",""source:ashcroft-mermin-1976""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hall-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hall-member,phenomenon:hall-effect,member_of,coupling:electromagnetic-induction,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:hall-1879"",""source:ashcroft-mermin-1976""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hall-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photostriction-drives,disequilibrium:radiation-flux,drives,phenomenon:photostriction,reported,[],"[""state-solid"",""illumination-required""]",radiative,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:spanier-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photostriction-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photostriction-produces,phenomenon:photostriction,produces,carrier:elastic-stress,reported,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:spanier-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photostriction-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-bounded-landsberg,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,bounded_by,constraint:landsberg-limit,established,"[""the universal ceiling on converting thermal (solar) radiation into a chemical fuel; the gap-pair-specific detailed-balance solar-to-hydrogen limit is lower and awaits its own curated model""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:landsberg-tonge-1980"",""source:gratzel-2001""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-bounded-landsberg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photosynthesis-bounded-glucose-limit,phenomenon:photosynthesis,bounded_by,constraint:photosynthesis-glucose-free-energy-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:zhu-long-ort-2010""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photosynthesis-bounded-glucose-limit,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:photosynthesis-benchmarked-physiological-maximum,phenomenon:photosynthesis,governed_by,constraint:photosynthesis-physiological-maximum,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:blankenship-2011"",""source:zhu-long-ort-2010""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/photosynthesis-benchmarked-physiological-maximum,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-bounded-single-junction-ideal,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,bounded_by,constraint:pec-water-splitting-single-junction-ideal-limit,established,"[""photoelectrochemical water splitting with a single absorber; a datum states the basis 'PEC water splitting, single-junction absorber, AM1.5G'""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fountaine-2016-pec-limits"",""source:rozzi-2020-green-synthetic-fuels""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-bounded-single-junction-ideal,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-bounded-dual-junction-ideal,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,bounded_by,constraint:pec-water-splitting-dual-junction-ideal-limit,established,"[""photoelectrochemical water splitting with two absorbers in series; a datum states the basis 'PEC water splitting, dual-junction absorber, AM1.5G'""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fountaine-2016-pec-limits"",""source:rozzi-2020-green-synthetic-fuels""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-bounded-dual-junction-ideal,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-benchmarked-realistic-high-performance,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,governed_by,constraint:pec-water-splitting-realistic-high-performance,reported,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fountaine-2016-pec-limits""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-benchmarked-realistic-high-performance,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pec-benchmarked-realistic-earth-abundant,phenomenon:photoelectrochemical-effect,governed_by,constraint:pec-water-splitting-realistic-earth-abundant,reported,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:fountaine-2016-pec-limits""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pec-benchmarked-realistic-earth-abundant,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,established,"[""a spatial temperature difference across a conductor or semiconductor"",""a closed circuit of dissimilar materials, or a single material with ends at different temperatures""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,ΔV = S · ΔT,quantity:temperature-difference,quantity:electric-potential,V/K,"[""source:seebeck-1826"",""source:goldsmid-2016"",""source:callen-1948""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-produces-carriers,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,"[""carriers diffuse from the hot end and accumulate at the cold end""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016"",""source:herring-1954""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-produces-carriers,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-member-thermoelectric,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,member_of,coupling:thermoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-member-thermoelectric,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-bounded-zt,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,bounded_by,constraint:thermoelectric-zt-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:ioffe-1957"",""source:snyder-toberer-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-bounded-zt,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-implemented-teg,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermoelectric-generator,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:rowe-2006"",""source:snyder-toberer-2008""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-implemented-teg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-observed-bi2te3,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,observed_in,material:bismuth-telluride,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-observed-bi2te3,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-observed-pbte,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,observed_in,material:lead-telluride,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:rowe-2006""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-observed-pbte,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-governed-em,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,governed_by,interaction:lattice-electron,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:herring-1954"",""source:ashcroft-mermin-1976""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-governed-em,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:seebeck-conserves-onsager,phenomenon:seebeck-effect,governed_by,constraint:onsager-reciprocity,established,"[""Seebeck and Peltier coefficients are linked by Π = S·T""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:onsager-1931"",""source:callen-1948""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/seebeck-conserves-onsager,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:peltier-drives,disequilibrium:electric-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:peltier-effect,established,"[""a current through a junction of dissimilar conductors""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor""]",electrical,thermal,thermal,,,,,"[""source:peltier-1834"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/peltier-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:peltier-produces-gradient,phenomenon:peltier-effect,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/peltier-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:peltier-converts-cooling,phenomenon:peltier-effect,converts_into,output:cooling,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,thermal,,,,,"[""source:ioffe-1957"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/peltier-converts-cooling,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:peltier-member-thermoelectric,phenomenon:peltier-effect,member_of,coupling:thermoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/peltier-member-thermoelectric,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thomson-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thomson-effect,established,"[""a current flowing along a temperature gradient in a single conductor""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor""]",thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:thomson-1851"",""source:callen-1948""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thomson-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thomson-member-thermoelectric,phenomenon:thomson-effect,member_of,coupling:thermoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thomson-member-thermoelectric,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:phonon-drag-drives,carrier:phonons,drives,phenomenon:phonon-drag,established,"[""a phonon heat current in a semiconductor at low temperature""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor"",""temp-cryogenic""]",phonon,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:herring-1954"",""source:goldsmid-2016"",""source:yalamarthy-2019-phonon-drag""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/phonon-drag-drives,"Phonon drag is a component of the same conductor's Seebeck coefficient, not a second converter in series with it: Yalamarthy et al. 2019 attribute up to 32 % (300 K) and 88 % (50 K) of the Seebeck coefficient of a thick AlGaN/GaN 2DEG to drag. The compiler therefore treats the heat-conduction → phonon-drag spelling as representation-equivalent to the thermoelectric generator."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:phonon-drag-produces,phenomenon:phonon-drag,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:herring-1954"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/phonon-drag-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:phonon-drag-member,phenomenon:phonon-drag,member_of,coupling:thermoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:herring-1954"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/phonon-drag-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heat-conduction-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:heat-conduction,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,q = −κ · ∇T,quantity:temperature-gradient,quantity:heat-flux,W/(m K),"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heat-conduction-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heat-conduction-produces-phonons,phenomenon:heat-conduction,produces,carrier:phonons,established,"[""in an electrically insulating or semiconducting solid the heat current is carried by phonons""]","[""state-solid""]",thermal,phonon,,,,,,"[""source:kittel-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heat-conduction-produces-phonons,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heat-conduction-produces-heat-flow,phenomenon:heat-conduction,produces,carrier:heat-flow,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heat-conduction-produces-heat-flow,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:heat-flow-converts-useful-heat,carrier:heat-flow,converts_into,output:useful-heat,established,"[""heat delivered at a temperature above the point of use""]",[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/heat-flow-converts-useful-heat,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermionic-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermionic-emission,established,"[""cathode hot enough that kT is a useful fraction of the work function (typically > 1500 K for metals, lower for low-work-function coatings)"",""a cooler anode across a vacuum or caesium-vapour gap""]","[""env-vacuum"",""temp-high"",""state-solid""]",thermal,electrical,radiative,,,,,"[""source:richardson-1901"",""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermionic-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermionic-produces-carriers,phenomenon:thermionic-emission,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,"[""emitted electrons collected at the anode at a potential difference set by the work-function difference""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermionic-produces-carriers,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermionic-member,phenomenon:thermionic-emission,member_of,coupling:thermionic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermionic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermionic-bounded-space-charge,phenomenon:thermionic-emission,bounded_by,constraint:space-charge-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermionic-bounded-space-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermionic-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermionic-emission,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermionic-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermionic-implemented,phenomenon:thermionic-emission,implemented_by,transducer:thermionic-converter,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:hatsopoulos-gyftopoulos-1973""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermionic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,established,"[""temperature gradient along the stack steeper than the critical gradient set by the acoustic pressure and displacement amplitudes"",""a resonant gas column""]","[""state-gas"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,acoustic,thermal,|∇T_crit| = β T_m ω |p₁| / (ρ_m c_p |u₁|); prime-mover onset requires |∇T| > |∇T_crit|,quantity:sound-pressure,quantity:temperature-gradient,K/(Pa·m),"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-produces-sound,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,produces,carrier:acoustic-wave,established,[],"[""state-gas""]",acoustic,acoustic,,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-produces-sound,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-produces-travelling-sound,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,produces,carrier:acoustic-wave,established,"[""travelling-wave thermoacoustic regime with a non-zero time-averaged acoustic power flux; pressure and particle velocity have the phase relation required for directed acoustic power (a looped tube or a travelling-wave regenerator), unlike the standing wave of a straight resonator""]","[""state-gas""]",acoustic,acoustic,,,,,,"[""source:yazaki-1998-travelling-wave-tae"",""source:backhaus-swift-2000""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-produces-travelling-sound,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustic-wave-drives-piezoelectric,carrier:acoustic-wave,drives,phenomenon:piezoelectric-effect,demonstrated,"[""sound pressure strains a compliant piezoelectric membrane or plate; standing and travelling waves both serve, the response following the pressure oscillation""]","[""state-solid""]",acoustic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:zheng-2022-thermoacoustic-pan"",""source:smoker-2012-thermoacoustic-piezoelectric""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustic-wave-drives-piezoelectric,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustic-wave-drives-triboelectric,carrier:acoustic-wave,drives,phenomenon:triboelectric-effect,demonstrated,"[""the acoustic pressure oscillation is mechanically coupled through a movable piston, diaphragm, rolling element or liquid interface so that the triboelectric surfaces undergo repeated contact–separation or sliding motion""]",[],acoustic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:li-2026-thermoacoustic-teng""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustic-wave-drives-triboelectric,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:acoustic-drives-linear-alternator,carrier:acoustic-wave,drives,phenomenon:linear-alternator-action,demonstrated,"[""an acoustic pressure oscillation driving a piston attached to a magnet or coil""]","[""medium-conductor"",""field-magnetic-required""]",acoustic,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/acoustic-drives-linear-alternator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:linear-alternator-produces,phenomenon:linear-alternator-action,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/linear-alternator-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:linear-alternator-member,phenomenon:linear-alternator-action,member_of,coupling:electromagnetic-induction,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/linear-alternator-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-member,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,member_of,coupling:thermoacoustic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoacoustic-implemented,phenomenon:thermoacoustic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermoacoustic-engine,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:swift-1988""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoacoustic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-change,drives,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,established,"[""the temperature of the polar material must change in time (dT/dt ≠ 0); a static spatial temperature gradient alone produces no pyroelectric current"",""the material must be below its Curie temperature""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferroelectric"",""transient-only""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,ΔP = p · ΔT,quantity:temperature-difference,quantity:polarisation,C/(m^2 K),"[""source:lang-2005"",""source:whatmore-1986"",""source:bowen-2014-pyro""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-drives,"Re-spelled in loop-3 pass 30 from the temperature-gradient row, where it had sat as an indexing compromise, onto the temporal temperature change that is its physical driver."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-produces-charge,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,produces,carrier:surface-charge,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:lang-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-produces-charge,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-member,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,member_of,coupling:pyroelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lang-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-observed-pzt,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,observed_in,material:pzt,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:whatmore-1986""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-observed-pzt,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-observed-pvdf,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,observed_in,material:pvdf,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bowen-2014-pyro""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-observed-pvdf,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-implemented,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:pyroelectric-harvester,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bowen-2014-pyro""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:pyro-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:pyroelectric-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bowen-2014-pyro""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/pyro-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:surface-charge-converts-electricity,carrier:surface-charge,converts_into,output:electricity,established,"[""electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:radousky-liang-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/surface-charge-converts-electricity,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermogalvanic-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermogalvanic-effect,established,"[""two identical electrodes in one redox electrolyte held at different temperatures"",""a redox couple with large reaction entropy (ferri/ferrocyanide gives ≈ −1.4 mV/K)""]","[""state-liquid"",""env-aqueous"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,ΔE = (ΔS_rxn / nF) · ΔT,quantity:temperature-difference,quantity:electric-potential,V/K,"[""source:quickenden-mua-1995"",""source:dupont-2017""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermogalvanic-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermogalvanic-produces-ions,phenomenon:thermogalvanic-effect,produces,carrier:ionic-current,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:dupont-2017""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermogalvanic-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermogalvanic-member,phenomenon:thermogalvanic-effect,member_of,coupling:thermogalvanic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dupont-2017""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermogalvanic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermogalvanic-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermogalvanic-effect,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:quickenden-mua-1995""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermogalvanic-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermogalvanic-implemented,phenomenon:thermogalvanic-effect,implemented_by,transducer:thermocell,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dupont-2017""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermogalvanic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ionic-current-converts-electricity,carrier:ionic-current,converts_into,output:electricity,established,"[""electrodes exchange the ionic current for an electronic current through the external load""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bard-faulkner-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ionic-current-converts-electricity,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:trec-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermally-regenerative-electrochemical-cycle,demonstrated,"[""a battery chemistry whose open-circuit voltage changes with temperature by ≈ 1 mV/K"",""charge at one temperature, discharge at the other, with heat recuperation between the two""]","[""env-aqueous"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:lee-2014-trec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/trec-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:trec-produces-ions,phenomenon:thermally-regenerative-electrochemical-cycle,produces,carrier:ionic-current,demonstrated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:lee-2014-trec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/trec-produces-ions,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:trec-member,phenomenon:thermally-regenerative-electrochemical-cycle,member_of,coupling:thermogalvanic,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lee-2014-trec""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/trec-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:trec-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermally-regenerative-electrochemical-cycle,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lee-2014-trec"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/trec-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:soret-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:soret-effect,established,"[""a liquid mixture or solution under a steady temperature gradient""]","[""state-liquid"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,chemical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:soret-1879"",""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/soret-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:soret-produces-gradient,phenomenon:soret-effect,produces,disequilibrium:concentration-gradient,established,[],[],chemical,chemical,,,,,,"[""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/soret-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:soret-onsager,phenomenon:soret-effect,governed_by,constraint:onsager-reciprocity,established,"[""the Soret and Dufour coefficients are Onsager-reciprocal""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:onsager-1931"",""source:degroot-mazur-1962""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/soret-onsager,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:nernst-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:nernst-effect,established,"[""a magnetic field perpendicular to the temperature gradient; the transverse field is proportional to B and ∇T""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor"",""field-magnetic-required"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,E_y = N · B_z · ∇T_x,quantity:temperature-gradient,quantity:electric-field,V/K,"[""source:ettingshausen-nernst-1886"",""source:callen-1948""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/nernst-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:nernst-produces,phenomenon:nernst-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:callen-1948"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/nernst-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:nernst-member,phenomenon:nernst-effect,member_of,coupling:thermoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:callen-1948"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/nernst-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:anomalous-nernst-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:anomalous-nernst-effect,replicated,"[""a magnetised ferromagnet or topological semimetal; no external field needed once magnetised""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:sakai-2018"",""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/anomalous-nernst-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:anomalous-nernst-produces,phenomenon:anomalous-nernst-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,replicated,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:sakai-2018"",""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/anomalous-nernst-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:anomalous-nernst-member,phenomenon:anomalous-nernst-effect,member_of,coupling:spin-caloritronic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bauer-2012""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/anomalous-nernst-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ettingshausen-drives,disequilibrium:electric-potential-difference,drives,phenomenon:ettingshausen-effect,established,"[""a current in a conductor with a perpendicular magnetic field""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-conductor"",""field-magnetic-required""]",electrical,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:ettingshausen-nernst-1886"",""source:callen-1948""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ettingshausen-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ettingshausen-produces,phenomenon:ettingshausen-effect,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:callen-1948"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ettingshausen-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:ettingshausen-member,phenomenon:ettingshausen-effect,member_of,coupling:thermoelectric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:callen-1948"",""source:goldsmid-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/ettingshausen-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermomagnetic-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-transition,demonstrated,"[""a soft ferromagnet with its Curie temperature between the hot and cold reservoir temperatures (Gd ≈ 293 K)"",""the element must be cycled between the reservoirs, so a heat-switch or motion is needed""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,magnetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:tesla-1890-patent"",""source:kishore-priya-2018"",""source:waske-2019""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermomagnetic-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermomagnetic-produces-flux,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-transition,produces,carrier:magnetic-flux,established,[],[],magnetic,magnetic,,,,,,"[""source:kishore-priya-2018""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermomagnetic-produces-flux,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermomagnetic-member,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-transition,member_of,coupling:thermomagnetic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:kishore-priya-2018""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermomagnetic-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermomagnetic-implemented,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-transition,implemented_by,transducer:thermomagnetic-generator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:waske-2019""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermomagnetic-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermomagnetic-observed-gd,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-transition,observed_in,material:gadolinium,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:waske-2019""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermomagnetic-observed-gd,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermomagnetic-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:thermomagnetic-transition,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:kishore-priya-2018""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermomagnetic-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetic-flux-drives-induction,carrier:magnetic-flux,drives,phenomenon:electromagnetic-induction,established,"[""the changing flux threads a conducting loop""]","[""medium-conductor""]",magnetic,electrical,thermal,ℰ = −dΦ/dt,quantity:magnetic-flux,quantity:electric-potential,1/s,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetic-flux-drives-induction,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetocaloric-drives,disequilibrium:magnetic-field-change,drives,phenomenon:magnetocaloric-effect,established,"[""adiabatic magnetisation or demagnetisation of a material near its ordering temperature""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferromagnet"",""field-magnetic-required""]",magnetic,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:pecharsky-gschneidner-1997"",""source:gschneidner-2005"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetocaloric-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetocaloric-produces,phenomenon:magnetocaloric-effect,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-change,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:pecharsky-gschneidner-1997"",""source:gschneidner-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetocaloric-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetocaloric-converts-cooling,phenomenon:magnetocaloric-effect,converts_into,output:cooling,demonstrated,"[""a regenerative cycle rejecting heat during magnetisation and absorbing it during demagnetisation""]",[],thermal,thermal,thermal,,,,,"[""source:pecharsky-gschneidner-1997""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetocaloric-converts-cooling,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetocaloric-member,phenomenon:magnetocaloric-effect,member_of,coupling:caloric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:pecharsky-gschneidner-1997"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetocaloric-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetocaloric-implemented,phenomenon:magnetocaloric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:magnetocaloric-refrigerator,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:pecharsky-gschneidner-1997""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetocaloric-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:magnetocaloric-observed-gd,phenomenon:magnetocaloric-effect,observed_in,material:gadolinium,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:pecharsky-gschneidner-1997"",""source:gschneidner-2005""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/magnetocaloric-observed-gd,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrocaloric-drives,disequilibrium:electric-field-change,drives,phenomenon:electrocaloric-effect,replicated,"[""a large field applied to a thin polar dielectric near its transition""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-ferroelectric"",""field-electric-required""]",electrical,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:mischenko-2006"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrocaloric-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrocaloric-produces,phenomenon:electrocaloric-effect,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-change,replicated,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:mischenko-2006"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrocaloric-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:electrocaloric-member,phenomenon:electrocaloric-effect,member_of,coupling:caloric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:mischenko-2006"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/electrocaloric-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-drives,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,drives,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,replicated,"[""stress large enough to drive the martensitic transformation of a shape-memory alloy""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-produces,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-change,replicated,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-converts-cooling,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,converts_into,output:cooling,demonstrated,[],[],thermal,thermal,thermal,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-converts-cooling,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-member,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,member_of,coupling:caloric,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-implemented,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,implemented_by,transducer:elastocaloric-cooler,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-implemented,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-observed-niti,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,observed_in,material:nitinol,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016"",""source:moya-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-observed-niti,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,established,"[""a hot reservoir to heat the working fluid and a cold reservoir to condense or cool it""]","[""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:walker-1980-stirling""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hot-gas-drives-expansion,carrier:hot-gas,drives,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,established,"[""the hot gas expands through a turbine or against a piston from an upstream pressure to a lower downstream pressure""]","[""state-gas"",""temp-high""]",thermal,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hot-gas-drives-expansion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-produces-motion,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-member,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,member_of,coupling:heat-engine,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-bounded-ca,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,governed_by,constraint:curzon-ahlborn-limit,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:curzon-ahlborn-1975"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-bounded-ca,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-implemented-rankine,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,implemented_by,transducer:rankine-cycle-plant,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-implemented-rankine,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-implemented-stirling,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,implemented_by,transducer:stirling-engine,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:walker-1980-stirling""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-implemented-stirling,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:motion-converts-mechanical-work,carrier:mechanical-motion,converts_into,output:mechanical-work,established,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/motion-converts-mechanical-work,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:motion-drives-generator,carrier:mechanical-motion,drives,phenomenon:generator-action,established,"[""a shaft turning a rotor inside a stator, or a magnet moved past a coil""]","[""medium-conductor"",""field-magnetic-required""]",mechanical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:dixon-hall-2014""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/motion-drives-generator,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:generator-produces-carriers,phenomenon:generator-action,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,established,[],[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/generator-produces-carriers,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:generator-member,phenomenon:generator-action,member_of,coupling:electromagnetic-induction,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:faraday-1832"",""source:landau-lifshitz-ecm""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/generator-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:charge-carriers-convert-electricity,carrier:charge-carriers,converts_into,output:electricity,established,"[""carriers driven through an external load at the potential difference the source maintains""]",[],electrical,electrical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:ashcroft-mermin-1976""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/charge-carriers-convert-electricity,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:otec-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:ocean-thermal-gradient-conversion,demonstrated,"[""a ≈ 20 K difference between warm surface water and cold water from ~1000 m depth""]","[""state-liquid"",""temp-gradient-required""]",thermal,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:claude-1930"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/otec-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:otec-produces-motion,phenomenon:ocean-thermal-gradient-conversion,produces,carrier:mechanical-motion,demonstrated,[],[],mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:claude-1930""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/otec-produces-motion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:otec-member,phenomenon:ocean-thermal-gradient-conversion,member_of,coupling:heat-engine,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/otec-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:otec-bounded-carnot,phenomenon:ocean-thermal-gradient-conversion,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,"[""Carnot efficiency ≈ 7% for 300 K against 280 K""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/otec-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-emission-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermal-emission,established,"[""an emitter hotter than the surface it faces""]",[],thermal,radiative,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:landsberg-tonge-1980""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-emission-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-emission-produces-photons,phenomenon:thermal-emission,produces,carrier:photons,established,[],[],radiative,radiative,,,,,,"[""source:landsberg-tonge-1980"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-emission-produces-photons,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-emission-member-tpv,phenomenon:thermal-emission,member_of,coupling:thermophotovoltaic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lapotin-2022"",""source:landsberg-tonge-1980""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-emission-member-tpv,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-emission-converts-light,phenomenon:thermal-emission,converts_into,output:light,established,"[""incandescence at > 2000 K""]",[],radiative,radiative,radiative,,,,,"[""source:landsberg-tonge-1980"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-emission-converts-light,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:sky-drives-radiative-cooling,disequilibrium:radiative-sky-imbalance,drives,phenomenon:radiative-cooling,replicated,"[""an emitter with high emissivity in the 8–13 µm window and high solar reflectance"",""a clear sky; humidity and cloud close the window""]",[],radiative,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:raman-2014"",""source:zhai-2017-radiative"",""source:kou-2017-radiative""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/sky-drives-radiative-cooling,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiative-cooling-produces-gradient,phenomenon:radiative-cooling,produces,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,replicated,"[""the cooled surface sits a few kelvin below ambient air""]",[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:raman-2014"",""source:raman-2019-night"",""source:kou-2017-radiative""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiative-cooling-produces-gradient,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiative-cooling-converts-cooling,phenomenon:radiative-cooling,converts_into,output:cooling,replicated,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:raman-2014"",""source:zhai-2017-radiative"",""source:kou-2017-radiative""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiative-cooling-converts-cooling,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiative-cooling-member,phenomenon:radiative-cooling,member_of,coupling:photothermal,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:raman-2014"",""source:zhai-2017-radiative""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiative-cooling-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiative-cooling-bounded,phenomenon:radiative-cooling,bounded_by,constraint:radiative-cooling-power-bound,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:raman-2014"",""source:zhai-2017-radiative""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiative-cooling-bounded,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:radiative-cooling-implemented-teg,phenomenon:radiative-cooling,implemented_by,transducer:radiative-cooler-teg,demonstrated,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:raman-2019-night""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/radiative-cooling-implemented-teg,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoradiative-drives,disequilibrium:radiative-sky-imbalance,drives,phenomenon:thermoradiative-effect,theoretically-predicted,"[""a narrow-gap diode warmer than the sky it faces, emitting net radiation""]","[""state-solid"",""medium-semiconductor""]",radiative,electrical,radiative,,,,,"[""source:strandberg-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoradiative-drives,"Theory is established; laboratory demonstrations report microwatt-scale currents, well short of the predicted limits."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoradiative-produces,phenomenon:thermoradiative-effect,produces,carrier:charge-carriers,theoretically-predicted,[],[],electrical,electrical,,,,,,"[""source:strandberg-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoradiative-produces,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermoradiative-member,phenomenon:thermoradiative-effect,member_of,coupling:photovoltaic,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:strandberg-2015"",""source:landsberg-tonge-1980""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermoradiative-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-expansion-drives,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:thermal-expansion,established,[],[],thermal,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:iwakiri-2026-thermopolarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-expansion-drives,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-expansion-produces-stress,phenomenon:thermal-expansion,produces,disequilibrium:mechanical-stress,established,"[""non-uniform thermal expansion is mechanically incompatible across adjacent regions of a solid, or is constrained by an adjoining material or structure, producing a strain or stress gradient; the constraining region may be the cooler part of the same continuous specimen rather than a separate stiffer body""]","[""state-solid""]",mechanical,mechanical,,,,,,"[""source:nye-1985"",""source:iwakiri-2026-thermopolarization""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-expansion-produces-stress,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-expansion-member,phenomenon:thermal-expansion,member_of,coupling:heat-engine,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-expansion-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:uniform-thermal-second-law,disequilibrium:uniform-thermal-energy,bounded_by,constraint:second-law,established,"[""a single reservoir at one temperature""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/uniform-thermal-second-law,"No cyclic process extracts work from a single reservoir. Recorded so that the matrix row can show ""forbidden"" rather than ""unknown""."
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:vacuum-second-law,disequilibrium:quantum-vacuum-fluctuations,bounded_by,constraint:second-law,established,"[""the vacuum is the ground state; there is no lower state to relax into""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lamoreaux-1997"",""source:bordag-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/vacuum-second-law,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:vacuum-drives-casimir,disequilibrium:quantum-vacuum-fluctuations,drives,phenomenon:casimir-effect,established,"[""two conducting plates closer than a micrometre; force measured to 5%""]","[""env-vacuum""]",,,,,,,,"[""source:lamoreaux-1997"",""source:bordag-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/vacuum-drives-casimir,The attraction is real and measured. It does one-off work while the plates approach; separating them again costs at least as much. No energy ledger is recorded because no continuous conversion exists.
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:casimir-member,phenomenon:casimir-effect,member_of,coupling:fluctuation-driven,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lamoreaux-1997"",""source:bordag-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/casimir-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:casimir-bounded-second-law,phenomenon:casimir-effect,bounded_by,constraint:second-law,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:lamoreaux-1997"",""source:bordag-2001""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/casimir-bounded-second-law,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:uniform-thermal-drives-info,disequilibrium:uniform-thermal-energy,drives,phenomenon:information-to-work-conversion,demonstrated,"[""feedback control based on measurement of a fluctuating particle; the work extracted is bounded by kT·ln2 per bit of information used""]","[""state-liquid"",""temp-room""]",thermal,mechanical,thermal,,,,,"[""source:toyabe-2010""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/uniform-thermal-drives-info,Not a violation of the second law — the measurement and erasure of the record cost at least the work extracted.
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:info-conversion-member,phenomenon:information-to-work-conversion,member_of,coupling:fluctuation-driven,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:toyabe-2010"",""source:parrondo-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/info-conversion-member,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:info-conversion-bounded,phenomenon:information-to-work-conversion,bounded_by,constraint:second-law,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:toyabe-2010"",""source:parrondo-2015""]",true,,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/info-conversion-bounded,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-gradient-bounded-carnot,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,bounded_by,constraint:carnot-limit,established,"[""conversion of a heat flow between reservoirs at T_h and T_c into work or a non-thermal free energy; the bound is evaluated against a datum that records both temperatures""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:callen-1948"",""source:bejan-2016""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-gradient-bounded-carnot,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:elastocaloric-converts-heating,phenomenon:elastocaloric-effect,converts_into,output:useful-heat,demonstrated,[],[],thermal,thermal,thermal,,,,,"[""source:tusek-2016""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/elastocaloric-converts-heating,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:expansion-implemented-gas-turbine,phenomenon:working-fluid-expansion,implemented_by,transducer:gas-turbine-generator,established,[],[],,,,,,,,"[""source:dixon-hall-2014"",""source:al-mhanna-2024-isccs""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/expansion-implemented-gas-turbine,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:temperature-drives-advective-heat-transport,disequilibrium:temperature-gradient,drives,phenomenon:advective-heat-transport,established,"[""a bulk fluid flow connects the hotter and colder regions"",""for forced circulation the flow may be supplied by an external pump rather than generated by buoyancy""]",[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:nrc-pressurized-water-reactors"",""source:doe-hdbk-1012-2-92""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-advective-heat-transport,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:advective-heat-transport-produces-heat-flow,phenomenon:advective-heat-transport,produces,carrier:heat-flow,established,[],[],thermal,thermal,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016"",""source:nrc-pressurized-water-reactors""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/advective-heat-transport-produces-heat-flow,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:thermal-emission-bounded-visible-fraction,phenomenon:thermal-emission,bounded_by,constraint:planck-visible-band-fraction,established,"[""visible light delivered by a thermal emitter at temperature T; the bound is the Planck band fraction at that T""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:bejan-2016""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/thermal-emission-bounded-visible-fraction,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:hot-gas-drives-gas-dynamic-expansion,carrier:hot-gas,drives,phenomenon:gas-dynamic-expansion,established,"[""the gas has an upstream pressure state above the downstream nozzle or duct pressure""]","[""state-gas""]",thermal,kinetic,thermal,,,,,"[""source:nasa-grc-nozzle-design"",""source:smith-1979-nasa-tm-79135""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/hot-gas-drives-gas-dynamic-expansion,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:gas-dynamic-expansion-produces-flow,phenomenon:gas-dynamic-expansion,produces,disequilibrium:fluid-flow,established,"[""a directed high-speed gas stream leaves the nozzle — the disequilibrium whose content is bulk fluid motion""]",[],kinetic,kinetic,,,,,,"[""source:smith-1979-nasa-tm-79135"",""source:nasa-grc-nozzle-design""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/gas-dynamic-expansion-produces-flow,
bfbfcbb70e57,claim:gas-dynamic-expansion-member,phenomenon:gas-dynamic-expansion,member_of,coupling:heat-engine,established,"[""the thermomechanical family: enthalpy and pressure availability to directed kinetic energy, with no cycle and no shaft""]",[],,,,,,,,"[""source:nasa-grc-nozzle-design"",""source:smith-1979-nasa-tm-79135""]",true,2026-09-21,https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/gas-dynamic-expansion-member,