Mechanical stress or strain —drives→ Direct piezoelectric effect

Conditions

• a non-centrosymmetric crystal or a poled ferroelectric ceramic or polymer
• stress below the depoling and fracture limits

Constitutive relation

D = d · σ

Evidence · 3

1. [1]
   J. Curie, P. Curie. Développement par compression de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées (1880)

   Bulletin de la Société minéralogique de France 3, 90–93 · doi:10.3406/bulmi.1880.1564 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)

   Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
3. [3]
   A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Matrix cells this relation feeds

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

Uses of this claim

• Flow-induced-vibration piezoelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 7 steps
• Bimetallic-strip piezoelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 5 steps
• Piezoelectric vibration harvestercommercial · 5 steps

• Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Mechanical vibration → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work6/7 established · weakly supported
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · same energy form
• Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · candidate
• Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work6/7 established · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermal expansion → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established · extends a recorded pathway

Cite this claim

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). claim claim:piezo-drives: Mechanical stress or strain —drives→ Direct piezoelectric effect. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/piezo-drives

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