Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Pathway · p-256068a4a2 · extends a recorded pathway

Mechanical stress or strain → Electrical work

Mechanical stress or strainDirect piezoelectric effectSeparated surface chargeElectrical work

Epistemic state of the route

known constituent relations
3 / 3 established or replicated · weakest constituent established
constituent maturity floor
K4 · experimentally observed
search for this exact route
Not assessed — complete composition not searched.
recorded-pathway overlap
shares its closing relations with Flow-induced-vibration piezoelectric harvester · 3/3 relations shared
route-level evidence
0 sources for the complete composition · 4 cited by the constituent steps
boundaries and interfaces
BOUNDARY compatible · no region transition

Explorematrix context · physics checks · steps · route evidence · constituent evidence · cite

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.08 × C.10 · Mechanical stress or strain × Piezoelectricfamily: Piezoelectric

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

Steps

  1. 01
    Mechanical stress or strain —drives→ Direct piezoelectric effectestablishedclaim record
    mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal
    D = d · σ · piezoelectric charge coefficient d [C/N]
    • a non-centrosymmetric crystal or a poled ferroelectric ceramic or polymer
    • stress below the depoling and fracture limits
    solid · non-centrosymmetric crystal required
    refs [1] [2] [3]
  2. 02
    Direct piezoelectric effect —produces→ Separated surface chargeestablishedclaim record
    electrical → electrical
    refs [2]
  3. 03
    Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record
    electrical → electrical · loss to thermal
    • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load
    refs [4]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 4

  1. [1]
    J. Curie, P. Curie. Développement par compression de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées (1880)
    Bulletin de la Société minéralogique de France 3, 90–93 · doi:10.3406/bulmi.1880.1564 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  2. [2]
    J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)
    Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
  3. [3]
    A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)
    Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  4. [4]
    H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)
    Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this route

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). route p-256068a4a2: Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/path/256068a4a2

Ids and matrix addresses are stable across revisions; the revision hash identifies the exact canonical files the record was compiled from and is meta.data_hash in every /api export. Reuse terms: see the license field in any export.