Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermopolarization effect

Conditions

• a spatial temperature gradient is applied across an insulating solid dielectric
• this claim represents the direct thermopolarization contribution; a signal established to arise through thermal expansion → strain gradient → flexoelectricity belongs to that longer pathway instead
• the solid spelling; the polar-liquid spelling is claim:temperature-drives-liquid-thermopolarization, with its own (simulation) evidence

Constitutive relation

P_i = γ_ij ∇_j T

phenomenological tensor form; in Onishi et al.'s linear-response notation γ corresponds to −L̃₁₂/T for the relevant component; Kholkin 1982 report B₁₁ ≈ 3 × 10⁻¹² C/(cm·K) (≈ 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ C/(m·K)) for PMN at 310 K

Evidence · 5

1. [1]
   M. Marvan. The electric polarization induced by temperature gradient and associated thermoelectric effects (1969)

   Czechoslovak Journal of Physics B 19, 1240–1245 · doi:10.1007/bf01690309 · record
2. [2]
   A. K. Tagantsev. Pyroelectric, piezoelectric, flexoelectric, and thermal polarization effects in ionic crystals (1987)

   Soviet Physics Uspekhi 30, 588–603 · doi:10.1070/PU1987v030n07ABEH002926 · record
3. [3]
   V. A. Trepakov, K. M. Nurieva, A. K. Tagantsev. Recent developments of the thermopolarization effect investigation (1989)

   Ferroelectrics 94, 377–381 · doi:10.1080/00150198908014283 · record
4. [4]
   Y. Onishi et al.. Theory of Thermopolarization Effect (2025)

   Nano Letters 25, 2763–2768 · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c05870 · record
5. [5]
   A. L. Kholkin, V. A. Trepakov, G. A. Smolenskii. Thermopolarization currents in dielectrics (1982)

   JETP Letters 35 (3), 124–127 (Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 35, 103–106) · www.jetpletters.ru/ps/1313/article_19837.shtml · record

Matrix cells this relation feeds

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

Uses of this claim

• Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/3 established · weakly supported
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
• Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/5 established · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established · weakly supported

Cite this claim

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). claim claim:temperature-drives-thermopolarization: Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermopolarization effect. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-thermopolarization

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