Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Claim · claim:temperature-gradient-bounded-carnot

Temperature gradient —bounded by→ Carnot limit

The atlas records this claim as established: a temperature gradient is bounded by the Carnot limit under the conditions below.

establishedrecord reviewed 2026-09-21

Exploreconditions · evidence · cite

2cited sources0enumerated routes using it0routes with composition evidence0recorded pathways

Conditions

  • conversion of a heat flow between reservoirs at T_h and T_c into work or a non-thermal free energy; the bound is evaluated against a datum that records both temperatures

Evidence · 2

  1. [1]
    H. B. Callen. The application of Onsager's reciprocal relations to thermoelectric, thermomagnetic, and galvanomagnetic effects (1948)
    Physical Review 73, 1349 · doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.1349 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  2. [2]
    A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)
    Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this claim

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). claim claim:temperature-gradient-bounded-carnot: Temperature gradient —bounded by→ Carnot limit. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-gradient-bounded-carnot

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