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Physical Transformation AtlasPTA

Source · source:callen-1948 · paper

The application of Onsager's reciprocal relations to thermoelectric, thermomagnetic, and galvanomagnetic effects

H. B. Callen1948Physical Review 73, 1349doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.1349

Atlas use: this paper is cited as evidence by 10 claims and 1 named pathway. Bibliographic record verified against Crossref on 2026-09-19.

Crossref title: The Application of Onsager's Reciprocal Relations to Thermoelectric, Thermomagnetic, and Galvanomagnetic Effects

Exploreatlas context · claims citing it · pathways citing it · cite

Atlas context

Derived from the citing claims only: the families, matrix cells and routes those claims take part in.

family: Thermoelectric (C.01)

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.01 × C.01 · Temperature gradient × Thermoelectric D.06 × C.01 · Electric potential difference × Thermoelectric

Thermoelectric generatorcomposition evidence recorded
Nernst–Ettingshausen generatorcomposition evidence recorded
Night-time radiative-cooling thermoelectric generatorcomposition evidence recorded
Radioisotope thermoelectric generatorcomposition evidence recorded
Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Light4/4 established
Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established
Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established
Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established
Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/5 established
Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Nernst effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established

first 12 of 77 routes shown

Claims citing this source · 10

Temperature gradient—drives→Seebeck effectestablishedrecord

claim:seebeck-drives

Seebeck effect—governed by→Onsager–Casimir reciprocityestablishedrecord

claim:seebeck-conserves-onsager

Temperature gradient—drives→Thomson effectestablishedrecord

claim:thomson-drives

Temperature gradient—drives→Nernst effectestablishedrecord

claim:nernst-drives

Nernst effect—produces→Charge carriersestablishedrecord

claim:nernst-produces

Nernst effect—member of→Thermoelectricestablishedrecord

claim:nernst-member

Electric potential difference—drives→Ettingshausen effectestablishedrecord

claim:ettingshausen-drives

Ettingshausen effect—produces→Temperature gradientestablishedrecord

claim:ettingshausen-produces

Ettingshausen effect—member of→Thermoelectricestablishedrecord

claim:ettingshausen-member

Temperature gradient—bounded by→Carnot limitestablishedrecord

claim:temperature-gradient-bounded-carnot

Named pathways citing this source · 1

Nernst–Ettingshausen generatordemonstrated

Cite this source

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). source source:callen-1948: The application of Onsager's reciprocal relations to thermoelectric, thermomagnetic, and galvanomagnetic effects. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/source/callen-1948

Ids and matrix addresses are stable across revisions; the revision hash identifies the exact canonical files the record was compiled from and is meta.data_hash in every /api export. Reuse terms: see the license field in any export.