Photons

Relations

Enumerated routes through this · 23

• Thermophotovoltaic conversion5/5 est · demonstrated
• Combustion-driven micro-thermophotovoltaic generator7/7 est · demonstrated
• Radioluminescent (beta-photovoltaic) nuclear battery7/7 est · demonstrated
• Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · same energy form
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Hot gas → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · candidate
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · candidate
• Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · candidate
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioluminescence → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioluminescence → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioluminescence → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · candidate
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Hot gas → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Hot gas → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · candidate
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work5/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat5/7 est · candidate

Cited sources · 5

1. [1]
   A. LaPotin, et al.. Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40% (2022)

   Nature 604, 287–291 · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04473-y · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   W. Shockley, H. J. Queisser. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells (1961)

   Journal of Applied Physics 32, 510–519 · doi:10.1063/1.1736034 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   A. Iwan, W. Pellowski, K. A. Bogdanowicz. Conversion of Radiophotoluminescence Irradiation into Electricity in Photovoltaic Cells. A Review of Theoretical Considerations and Practical Solutions (2021)

   Energies 14, 6186 · doi:10.3390/en14196186 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
5. [5]
   P. T. Landsberg, G. Tonge. Thermodynamic energy conversion efficiencies (1980)

   Journal of Applied Physics 51, R1–R20 · doi:10.1063/1.328187 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this entity

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). entity carrier:photons: Photons. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/e/carrier/photons

Ids and matrix addresses are stable across revisions; the revision hash identifies the exact canonical files the record was compiled from and is meta.data_hash in every /api export. Reuse terms: see the license field in any export.