Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Constraint · constraint:mixing-free-energy-bound

Free energy of mixing

The most work any salinity-gradient device can extract per unit of river water.

Atlas record: 4 claims reference this constraint — 4 established.

Explorerelations · sources · cite

W ≤ −ΔG_mix ≈ 0.8 kWh per m³ of fresh water into seawater

4claims0enumerated routes0routes with complete-composition evidence0candidate routes not searched2cited sources

Relations

bounded by · 4
Concentration cell effect—bounded by→Free energy of mixingestablished
Reverse electrodialysis—bounded by→Free energy of mixingestablished
Pressure-retarded osmosis—bounded by→Free energy of mixingestablished
Capacitive mixing—bounded by→Free energy of mixingestablished

Cited sources · 2

  1. [1]
    B. E. Logan, M. Elimelech. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water (2012)
    Nature 488, 313–319 · doi:10.1038/nature11477 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  2. [2]
    D. Brogioli. Extracting renewable energy from a salinity difference using a capacitor (2009)
    Physical Review Letters 103, 058501 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.058501 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this entity

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). entity constraint:mixing-free-energy-bound: Free energy of mixing. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/e/constraint/mixing-free-energy-bound

Ids and matrix addresses are stable across revisions; the revision hash identifies the exact canonical files the record was compiled from and is meta.data_hash in every /api export. Reuse terms: see the license field in any export.