Chemical fuel · Physical Transformation Atlas

Relations

converts into · 4

Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas)—converts into→Chemical fuelestablished

Photoelectrochemical effect—converts into→Chemical fuelestablished

hydrogen evolved at the counter-electrode

Reduced carbon compounds—converts into→Chemical fuelestablished

Chemiosmosis—converts into→Chemical fuelestablished

ATP synthesised from ADP and phosphate

Enumerated routes through this · 21

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis2/2 est · demonstrated
Photoelectrochemical water splitting2/2 est · demonstrated
Photosynthesis3/3 est · demonstrated
Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel3/3 est · candidate
Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel4/4 est · extends a recorded pathway
Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel5/5 est · same energy form
Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel5/5 est · candidate
Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel5/5 est · candidate
Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel5/5 est · candidate
Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel5/5 est · candidate
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel5/5 est · candidate
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel3/5 est · candidate
Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel6/6 est · same energy form
Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel6/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel6/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel6/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel6/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel6/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Chemiosmosis → Chemical fuel4/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway

Cited sources · 7

[1]
A. Steinfeld. Solar thermochemical production of hydrogen––a review (2005)
Solar Energy 78, 603-615 · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2003.12.012 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[2]
A. Fujishima, K. Honda. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode (1972)
Nature 238, 37–38 · doi:10.1038/238037a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[3]
M. Grätzel. Photoelectrochemical cells (2001)
Nature 414, 338–344 · doi:10.1038/35104607 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[4]
R. E. Blankenship, et al.. Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies and recognizing the potential for improvement (2011)
Science 332, 805–809 · doi:10.1126/science.1200165 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[5]
R. E. Blankenship. Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis (2nd ed.) (2014)
Wiley-Blackwell · book, no DOI · record
[6]
P. Mitchell. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism (1961)
Nature 191, 144–148 · doi:10.1038/191144a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[7]
D. G. Nicholls, S. J. Ferguson. Bioenergetics (4th ed.) (2013)
Academic Press · doi:10.1016/C2010-0-64902-9 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this entity

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). entity output:chemical-fuel: Chemical fuel. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/e/output/chemical-fuel

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