Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.03 × C.30 · Concentration gradient × Biologicalfamily: Biological

Measured or reported performance

Summary figures only; no datum-level record yet. Each figure below is a reviewed summary, not a single measurement.

notes

≈ 3–4 protons per ATP; the rotary motor runs at ~100 revolutions per second in vivo

Steps

1. 01
   Concentration gradient —drives→ Chemiosmosisestablishedclaim record

   chemical → chemical · loss to thermal

   • a proton gradient across a membrane containing ATP synthase

   aqueous medium required · selective membrane required · room temperature

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Chemiosmosis —converts into→ Chemical fuelestablishedclaim record

   chemical → chemical · loss to thermal

   • ATP synthesised from ADP and phosphate

   refs [1] [2]

Evidence for the complete composition · 1

1. [1]
   P. Mitchell. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism (1961)

   Nature 191, 144–148 · doi:10.1038/191144a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 2

1. [1]
   P. Mitchell. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism (1961)

   Nature 191, 144–148 · doi:10.1038/191144a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   D. G. Nicholls, S. J. Ferguson. Bioenergetics (4th ed.) (2013)

   Academic Press · doi:10.1016/C2010-0-64902-9 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record