Electric potential difference → Mechanical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.06 × C.01 · Electric potential difference × Thermoelectricfamily: ThermoelectricD.06 × C.08 · Electric potential difference × Heat engine (thermomechanical)family: Heat engine (thermomechanical)

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Carnot limit · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
  η ≤ 1 − T_c/T_h for any heat engine between reservoirs at T_h and T_c
• Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency at maximum power · benchmark · listed, never decisive
  η_CA = 1 − √(T_c/T_h)

Steps

1. 01
   Electric potential difference —drives→ Peltier effectestablishedclaim record

   electrical → thermal · loss to thermal

   • a current through a junction of dissimilar conductors

   solid · conductor required

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Peltier effect —produces→ Temperature gradientestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [2]
3. 03
   Temperature gradient —drives→ Working-fluid expansion (heat-engine cycle)establishedclaim record

   thermal → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a hot reservoir to heat the working fluid and a cold reservoir to condense or cool it

   temperature gradient required

   refs [3] [4]
4. 04
   Working-fluid expansion (heat-engine cycle) —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   refs [3]
5. 05
   Mechanical motion —converts into→ Mechanical workestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   refs [3]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 4

1. [1]
   J. C. A. Peltier. Nouvelles expériences sur la caloricité des courants électriques (1834)

   Annales de Chimie et de Physique 56, 371–386 · paper, no DOI · record
2. [2]
   H. J. Goldsmid. Introduction to Thermoelectricity (2nd ed.) (2016)

   Springer Series in Materials Science 121 · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49256-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   G. Walker. Stirling Engines (1980)

   Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record