Design and Parametric Optimization of the High-Speed Pico Waterwheel for Rural Electrification of Pakistan

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Open access, read on the publisher's page and again on the MDPI XML (pass 45 close). A pico waterwheel (C-, V- and straight blades; CFD and experiment) tested in an irrigation-channel rig; the '72–77 %' undershot range and the overshot '85 %' in its Introduction are prior literature (its references 13–14), not its measurements; its own result is Section 4.9: the C-shape turbine at 4 inches immersion on a 3 kW generator at full load 'achieved an overall efficiency of 66.42%', η_overall = P_out / P_in with P_out = v_g·i_g (Equations 12–13); 'the turbine was connected to a 3 kilowatt (kW) electrical generator, and the voltage and current were measured at full load conditions', the load being three 100 W bulbs, two 120 W fans and a 1 kW cutting machine. Installation needs channel velocities above 3 m/s and a head of about 1.5 m.

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