Waterwheel electric generator (pico hydro)

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.19 × C.24 · Gravitational potential difference × Turbomachineryfamily: TurbomachineryD.19 × C.14 · Gravitational potential difference × Electromagnetic inductionfamily: Electromagnetic induction

Measured or reported performance

1. electrical load powered1.54 kW of appliances on a 3 kW generatorfield2022
   undershot pico waterwheel, C-shape blades immersed 4 inches, in an irrigation-channel test rig; voltage and current measured at full load (three 100 W bulbs, two 120 W fans, a 1 kW cutting machine) — the connected load the generator ran, as the paper lists it; the generator's measured electrical output is not quoted here
   refs [6]
2. overall efficiency of the waterwheel-generator system66.42%laboratory2022
   the C-shape-blade experimental turbine at a fully immersed depth of 4 inches, connected to a 3 kW electric generator, at full load, voltage and current of the circuit measured — the number the paper itself measured; the 66.42 % is an electrical-output figure for the wheel plus generator, the pathway's own boundary
   refs [6]

best recorded efficiency (derived)

66.4% — overall efficiency of the waterwheel-generator system, laboratory, 2022; derived from the structured data above, not a stored number

Steps

1. 01
   Gravitational potential difference —drives→ Gravitational descent of fluidestablishedclaim record

   gravitational → mechanical

   liquid

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Gravitational descent of fluid —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • falling or flowing water transfers weight and momentum to waterwheel buckets or paddles
   • producing shaft rotation

   liquid · bulk flow required

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Mechanical motion —drives→ Electromagnetic inductionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • a magnet moving relative to a coil

   conductor required · magnetic field required

   refs [2] [3]
4. 04
   Electromagnetic induction —produces→ Charge carriersestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   refs [2] [4]
5. 05
   Charge carriers —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • carriers driven through an external load at the potential difference the source maintains

   refs [5]

Evidence for the complete composition · 1

1. [6]
   M. Asim et al.. Design and Parametric Optimization of the High-Speed Pico Waterwheel for Rural Electrification of Pakistan (2022)

   Sustainability 14(11), 6930 · doi:10.3390/su14116930 · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 5

1. [1]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   M. Faraday. Experimental researches in electricity (1832)

   Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 122, 125–162 · doi:10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   S. P. Beeby, et al.. A micro electromagnetic generator for vibration energy harvesting (2007)

   Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 17, 1257 · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/7/007 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, L. P. Pitaevskii. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 8, 2nd ed.) (1984)

   Pergamon · book, no DOI · record
5. [5]
   N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin. Solid State Physics (1976)

   Holt, Rinehart and Winston · book, no DOI · record