Water Polarization under Thermal Gradients
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Metadata verified on Crossref; abstract read on OpenAlex. Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics of bulk liquid water under a temperature gradient: the gradient polarizes the water along itself through molecular reorientation, giving an electrostatic field whose dependence on the gradient agrees with non-equilibrium thermodynamics; gradients of order 10⁸ K/m are estimated to give fields of order 10⁶ V/m. Simulation, no experiment — the first evidence of the liquid spelling.
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- Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/3 established
- Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established
- Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established
- Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established
- Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established
- Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/5 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established
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Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). source source:bresme-2008-water-polarization: Water Polarization under Thermal Gradients. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/source/bresme-2008-water-polarization
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