Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermopolarization effect
The atlas records this claim as theoretically predicted: a temperature gradient drives the thermopolarization effect under the conditions below.
Exploreconditions · relation · evidence · matrix context · uses · cite
Conditions
- a polar molecular liquid is maintained under a spatial temperature gradient
- the response is the non-equilibrium polarization / electrostatic field of the liquid itself, not ionic thermodiffusion and not the pyroelectric response of an already ordered ferroelectric fluid (Máthé et al. 2022's ferroelectric-nematic thermomotor is that other coupling)
- simulation only: no experiment has measured the polarization of an ordinary polar liquid under a temperature gradient (pass 32 web search, not a route-search-v1 negative)
Constitutive relation
E_∥ = S_TP ∇T
the field along the gradient; Gittus, Albella & Bresme 2020 give S_TP ≈ −0.6 mV/K for acetonitrile near standard conditions and Bresme et al. 2008 fields of order 10⁶ V/m for water at 10⁸ K/m, both from non-equilibrium molecular dynamics; the sign reverses with temperature in water (Armstrong & Bresme 2015)
Evidence · 3
- [1]F. Bresme et al.. Water Polarization under Thermal Gradients (2008)
- [2]J. Armstrong, F. Bresme. Temperature inversion of the thermal polarization of water (2015)
- [3]O. R. Gittus, P. Albella, F. Bresme. Polarization of acetonitrile under thermal fields via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations (2020)
Matrix cells this relation feeds
D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.
Uses of this claim
- Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/3 established · weakly supported
- Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
- Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
- Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
- Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
- Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/5 established · weakly supported
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established · weakly supported
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 established · weakly supported
Cite this claim
Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). claim claim:temperature-drives-liquid-thermopolarization: Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermopolarization effect. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/temperature-drives-liquid-thermopolarization
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