DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, Volume 2 of 3 (DOE-HDBK-1012/2-92)
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Read (open PDF on energy.gov, loop-3 pass 41). 'Convection involves the transfer of heat by the motion and mixing of macroscopic portions of a fluid … The term natural convection is used if this motion and mixing is caused by density variations resulting from temperature differences within the fluid. The term forced convection is used if this motion and mixing is caused by an outside force, such as a pump. … The transfer of heat from the surface of a heat exchanger to the bulk of a fluid being pumped through the heat exchanger is an example of forced convection.'
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- Forced-circulation heat-delivery loopcomposition evidence recorded
- PWR primary heat deliverycomposition evidence recorded
- Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 established
- Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 established
- Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 established
- Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 established
- Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat3/5 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 established
- Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 established
Claims citing this source · 1
Named pathways citing this source · 1
- Forced-circulation heat-delivery loopcommercial
Cite this source
Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). source source:doe-hdbk-1012-2-92: DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, Volume 2 of 3 (DOE-HDBK-1012/2-92). Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/source/doe-hdbk-1012-2-92
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