Chemical potential difference → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.05 × C.29 · Chemical potential difference × Thermochemicalfamily: ThermochemicalD.05 × C.05 · Chemical potential difference × Thermogalvanicfamily: Thermogalvanic

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Carnot limit · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
  η ≤ 1 − T_c/T_h for any heat engine between reservoirs at T_h and T_c

Steps

1. 01
   Chemical potential difference —drives→ Combustionestablishedclaim record

   chemical → thermal · loss to radiative

   • fuel, oxidiser and an ignition source; flame temperature 1500–2500 K

   gas · above ~700 K

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Combustion —produces→ Temperature gradientestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycledemonstratedclaim record

   thermal → electrical · loss to thermal

   • a battery chemistry whose open-circuit voltage changes with temperature by ≈ 1 mV/K
   • charge at one temperature, discharge at the other, with heat recuperation between the two

   aqueous medium required · temperature gradient required

   refs [2]
4. 04
   Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle —produces→ Ionic currentdemonstratedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [2]
5. 05
   Ionic current —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrodes exchange the ionic current for an electronic current through the external load

   refs [3]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 3

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   S. W. Lee et al.. An electrochemical system for efficiently harvesting low-grade heat energy (2014)

   Nature Communications 5, 3942 · doi:10.1038/ncomms4942 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.) (2001)

   Wiley · book, no DOI · record