Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Pathway · p-a39aa7e64a · demonstrated

Windmill (mechanical)

Bulk fluid flowAerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftMechanical motionMechanical work

Wind turns a rotor that grinds, pumps or saws.

Epistemic state of the route

known constituent relations
3 / 3 established or replicated · weakest constituent established
constituent maturity floor
K4 · experimentally observed
search for this exact route
A recorded pathway or a reviewed search records a demonstration of this composition.
recorded pathway
Windmill (mechanical) · commercial
composition maturity
K8 · commercial technology
recorded-pathway overlap
this route is the recorded pathway Windmill (mechanical)
route-level evidence
2 sources for the complete composition · 3 cited by the constituent steps
boundaries and interfaces
BOUNDARY compatible · no region transition

Explorematrix context · physics checks · steps · route evidence · constituent evidence · cite

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.10 × C.24 · Bulk fluid flow × Turbomachineryfamily: Turbomachinery

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

  • Betz limit · upper-bound · hard, applies to this route
    C_p ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3% of the kinetic power through the rotor disc

Steps

  1. 01
    Bulk fluid flow —drives→ Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablishedclaim record
    kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal
    • a rotor whose blades meet the stream at a working angle of attack
    bulk flow required
    refs [1] [2]
  2. 02
    Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record
    mechanical → mechanical
    refs [2]
  3. 03
    Mechanical motion —converts into→ Mechanical workestablishedclaim record
    mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal
    refs [3]

Evidence for the complete composition · 2

  1. [1]
    A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)
    Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
  2. [2]
    S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)
    Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 3

  1. [1]
    A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)
    Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
  2. [2]
    S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)
    Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  3. [3]
    A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)
    Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this route

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). route p-a39aa7e64a: Windmill (mechanical). Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/path/a39aa7e64a

Ids and matrix addresses are stable across revisions; the revision hash identifies the exact canonical files the record was compiled from and is meta.data_hash in every /api export. Reuse terms: see the license field in any export.