Disequilibrium · disequilibrium:fluid-flow

Bulk fluid flow

Moving air or water. Its kinetic energy can be intercepted by a rotor bounded by the Betz limit, or by electrokinetic and flow-induced effects at small scale.

symbol vFluid mechanicsenergy form kineticexergy positivealso: wind, breeze, current, river flow, shear flow, kinetic energy of fluid

Atlas record: 9 claims reference this disequilibrium — 8 established and 1 replicated.

Explorerelations · matrix context · routes · sources · cite

conditions: bulk flow required

9claims73enumerated routes7routes with complete-composition evidence24candidate routes not searched14cited sources

Relations

drives · 6

Bulk fluid flow—drives→Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablished

a rotor whose blades meet the stream at a working angle of attack

Bulk fluid flow—drives→Flow-induced vibrationestablished

a bluff or flexible body in the stream at a Reynolds number where vortex shedding locks to a structural mode

Bulk fluid flow—drives→Ocean wave motionestablished

wind fetch over open water

Bulk fluid flow—drives→Streaming potentialreplicated

flow past a charged surface

Bulk fluid flow—drives→Magnetohydrodynamic generationestablished

an electrically conducting fluid — seeded combustion plasma or liquid metal — crossing a strong magnetic field between electrodes

Bulk fluid flow—drives→Electrohydrodynamic generationestablished

a dielectric fluid carrying injected charge is driven by the flow against an electric field to a collector electrode

produces · 3

Gravitational descent of fluid—produces→Bulk fluid flowestablished

Tidal flow—produces→Bulk fluid flowestablished

Gas-dynamic expansion—produces→Bulk fluid flowestablished

a directed high-speed gas stream leaves the nozzle — the disequilibrium whose content is bulk fluid motion

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

C.01 Thermoelectric C.02 Thermionic C.03 Thermoacoustic C.04 Pyroelectric C.05 Thermogalvanic C.06 Thermomagnetic C.07 Thermophotovoltaic C.08 Heat engine (thermomechanical)C.09 Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)C.10 Piezoelectric C.11 Flexoelectric C.12 Triboelectric C.13 Electrostatic (variable capacitance)C.14 Electromagnetic induction C.15 Magnetostrictive C.16 Magnetoelectric C.17 Spin caloritronic C.18 Photovoltaic C.19 Photoelectrochemical C.20 Photothermal C.21 Electrochemical C.22 Osmotic / salinity-gradient C.23 Electrokinetic C.24 Turbomachinery C.25 Magnetohydrodynamic C.26 Radiovoltaic C.27 Nuclear heat C.28 Rectenna C.29 Thermochemical C.30 Biological C.31 Fluctuation / information-driven C.32 Photon momentum C.33 Thermodiffusive C.34 Marangoni C.35 Acoustoelectric C.36 Photodiffusive C.37 Thermo-osmotic C.38 Electrohydrodynamic C.39 Radioluminescent C.40 Thermopolarization

Enumerated routes through this · 73 (showing 24)

Windmill (mechanical)3/3 est · demonstrated
Wind turbine5/5 est · demonstrated
Wave energy converter4/5 est · demonstrated
Combustion MHD generator7/7 est · demonstrated
Flow-induced-vibration piezoelectric harvester7/7 est · demonstrated
Wave-impact piezoelectric harvester7/7 est · demonstrated
Tidal stream plant7/7 est · demonstrated
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work2/3 est · candidate
Bulk fluid flow → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work3/3 est · candidate
Bulk fluid flow → Magnetohydrodynamic generation → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Electrohydrodynamic generation → Fluid-borne space charge → Electrical work3/3 est · candidate
Bulk fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Triboelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Electrostatic induction (variable capacitance) → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Reverse electrowetting → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work4/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · candidate
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Gravitational potential difference → Gravitational descent of fluid → Bulk fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Gravitational potential difference → Gravitational descent of fluid → Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work4/5 est · candidate
Gravitational potential difference → Gravitational descent of fluid → Bulk fluid flow → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
Gravitational potential difference → Gravitational descent of fluid → Bulk fluid flow → Magnetohydrodynamic generation → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
Gravitational potential difference → Gravitational descent of fluid → Bulk fluid flow → Electrohydrodynamic generation → Fluid-borne space charge → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate

Cited sources · 14

[1]
A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)
Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
[2]
S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)
Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[3]
H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)
Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[4]
S. H. Salter. Wave power (1974)
Nature 249, 720–724 · doi:10.1038/249720a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[5]
J. Falnes. Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems: Linear Interactions Including Wave-Energy Extraction (2002)
Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754630 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[6]
J. Yin, et al.. Generating electricity by moving a droplet of ionic liquid along graphene (2014)
Nature Nanotechnology 9, 378–383 · doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.56 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[7]
J. Yang et al.. Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena (2003)
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 13, 963 · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/13/6/320 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[8]
R. J. Rosa. Physical principles of magnetohydrodynamic power generation (1961)
Physics of Fluids 4, 182–194 · doi:10.1063/1.1724426 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[9]
L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, L. P. Pitaevskii. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 8, 2nd ed.) (1984)
Pergamon · book, no DOI · record
[10]
NASA Lewis Research Center, Electromagnetic Propulsion Division. Lewis Tech Preview: Research Nonequilibrium MHD Power Generator Facility
NASA Lewis Research Center tech preview N-422 67/11-39 (one page; the date is not printed beyond that document code) · www1.grc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/MHD-Power-Generator-Facility-Tech-Preview.pdf · record
[11]
S. Fujimoto, T. Terado. Fundamental characteristics of liquid-filled electrohydrodynamic generator (1977)
Journal of Electrostatics 2, 257-267 · doi:10.1016/0304-3886(77)90058-4 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[12]
L. Hao et al.. Interfacial electro-hydrodynamics inspired micro/nano-fluidic energy conversion: from mechanism to applications (2025)
Lab on a Chip 25, 4161-4220 · doi:10.1039/D5LC00321K · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[13]
J. Marlin Smith. Preliminary results in the NASA Lewis H2-O2 combustion MHD experiment (1979)
NASA Technical Memorandum 79135 (E-9983); prepared for the 18th Symposium on the Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics, Butte, Montana, June 18–20, 1979 · ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790014726 · record
[14]
NASA Glenn Research Center. Nozzle Design (Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics) (2024)
NASA Glenn Research Center, Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics; page dated 2021-08-06, modified 2024-09-12 · www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/nozzle-design/ · record

Cite this entity

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