Heat exchanger

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

No coupling family recorded for this route's phenomena.

Measured or reported performance

Summary figures only; no datum-level record yet. Each figure below is a reviewed summary, not a single measurement.

notes

effectiveness 0.6–0.95 for counterflow designs; no thermodynamic ceiling on heat delivered, only on its temperature

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Carnot limit · formula-bound · hard, filtered out by its applicability
  η ≤ 1 − T_c/T_h for any heat engine between reservoirs at T_h and T_c

Steps

1. 01
   Temperature gradient —drives→ Heat conductionestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   q = −κ · ∇T · thermal conductivity κ [W/(m K)]

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Heat conduction —produces→ Heat flowestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Heat flow —converts into→ Useful heatestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   • heat delivered at a temperature above the point of use

   refs [1]

Evidence for the complete composition · 1

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 1

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record