Heat flow

Relations

Enumerated routes through this · 41 (showing 24)

• Heat exchanger3/3 est · demonstrated
• Forced-circulation heat-delivery loop3/3 est · demonstrated
• Solar thermal collector (hot water)3/3 est · demonstrated
• PWR primary heat delivery5/5 est · demonstrated
• Radioisotope heater unit7/7 est · demonstrated
• Concentration gradient → Dufour effect → Heat flow → Useful heat3/3 est · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Dufour effect → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · same energy form
• Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · same energy form
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat3/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat3/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Hot gas → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Soret effect → Concentration gradient → Dufour effect → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · candidate
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway

Cited sources · 4

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   R. L. Rowley, F. H. Horne. The Dufour effect. II. Experimental confirmation of the Onsager heat–mass reciprocal relation for a binary liquid mixture (1978)

   The Journal of Chemical Physics 68, 325-326 · doi:10.1063/1.435458 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
3. [3]
   S. R. de Groot, P. Mazur. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (1962)

   North-Holland · book, no DOI · record
4. [4]
   U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Pressurized Water Reactors — how a typical commercial PWR works (2025)

   nrc.gov · www.nrc.gov/reactors/power/pwrs · record

Cite this entity

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). entity carrier:heat-flow: Heat flow. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/e/carrier/heat-flow

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