Permeate gap thermo-osmotic system for simultaneous freshwater production, energy storage, and power generation

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Full text read (an author-shared copy located through Google Scholar). A 32 cm² permeate-gap module (PTFE, hot feed to 70 °C, cold side 20 °C) pressurises its own permeate without a pump; in layout 1 the permeate rises through a vertical pipe to an elevated tank and the stream released from the tank propelled a small hydro-turbine generator that lit a 2 W-rated bulb — the authors' 'thermal-potential-mechanical energy conversion'. The laboratory head was limited to about 1.5 m; sealed-permeate pressurisation reached a liquid entry pressure of 222 kPa (PTFE with non-woven support); water flux fell 54.25 % from 0 to 200 kPa permeate pressure. No shaft or electrical output figure is reported for the bulb demonstration; the 72-hour fluctuating-source run used a virtual hydro-turbine (0.0065 L h⁻¹), and the 156.75 kW, 0.113 W m⁻² and 1.04 % exergy figures belong to the modelled 150 kW solar case study. For the atlas this is a longer-chain demonstration of the TOEC route: gravitational storage (head conversion) sits between the thermo-osmotic flow and the turbine.

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