Beta particles

Relations

Enumerated routes through this · 22

• Betavoltaic battery5/5 est · demonstrated
• Radioluminescent (beta-photovoltaic) nuclear battery7/7 est · demonstrated
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioluminescence → Light4/4 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Light6/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Alkali-metal thermal-to-electric conversion → Ionic current → Electrical work5/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Ionic thermoelectric effect → Ionic current → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermal shape-memory effect → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermochemical redox cycle → Chemical fuel (H₂, CO, syngas) → Chemical fuel7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 est · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/7 est · weakly supported
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermionic emission → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermogalvanic effect → Ionic current → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle → Ionic current → Electrical work5/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Nernst effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Anomalous Nernst effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Working-fluid expansion (heat-engine cycle) → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Ocean thermal energy conversion → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioisotope heating → Temperature gradient → Advective heat transport → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Beta particles → Radioluminescence → Photons → Photothermal absorption → Heat flow → Useful heat7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway

Cited sources · 3

1. [1]
   P. Rappaport. The electron-voltaic effect in p-n junctions induced by beta-particle bombardment (1954)

   Physical Review 93, 246 · doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.246.2 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   M. A. Prelas, et al.. A review of nuclear batteries (2014)

   Progress in Nuclear Energy 75, 117–148 · doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.04.007 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   A. Iwan, W. Pellowski, K. A. Bogdanowicz. Conversion of Radiophotoluminescence Irradiation into Electricity in Photovoltaic Cells. A Review of Theoretical Considerations and Practical Solutions (2021)

   Energies 14, 6186 · doi:10.3390/en14196186 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record

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