Gravitational potential difference → Mechanical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.19 × C.24 · Gravitational potential difference × Turbomachineryfamily: Turbomachinery

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Betz limit · upper-bound · hard, filtered out by its applicability
  C_p ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3% of the kinetic power through the rotor disc

Steps

1. 01
   Gravitational potential difference —drives→ Tidal flowestablishedclaim record

   gravitational → kinetic

   • coastal geometry that funnels the tidal range into a current or a head

   liquid · bulk flow required

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Tidal flow —produces→ Bulk fluid flowestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → kinetic

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Bulk fluid flow —drives→ Ocean wave motionestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • wind fetch over open water

   liquid

   refs [2] [3]
4. 04
   Ocean wave motion —produces→ Pressure gradientestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [2] [3]
5. 05
   Pressure gradient —drives→ Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a pressure difference driving flow through a turbine stage

   bulk flow required

   refs [1]
6. 06
   Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [1]
7. 07
   Mechanical motion —converts into→ Mechanical workestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   refs [4]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 4

1. [1]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   S. H. Salter. Wave power (1974)

   Nature 249, 720–724 · doi:10.1038/249720a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   J. Falnes. Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems: Linear Interactions Including Wave-Energy Extraction (2002)

   Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754630 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record