Disequilibrium · disequilibrium:pressure-gradient

Pressure gradient

A pressure difference across a fluid, membrane or solid. Drives flow, deformation and, through turbomachinery, mechanical work.

symbol ∇pFluid mechanicsenergy form mechanicalexergy positivealso: pressure difference, Δp, head

Atlas record: 5 claims reference this disequilibrium — 4 established and 1 theoretically predicted.

Explorerelations · matrix context · routes · sources · cite

5claims57enumerated routes3routes with complete-composition evidence5candidate routes not searched8cited sources

Relations

drives · 3

Pressure gradient—drives→Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablished

a pressure difference driving flow through a turbine stage

Pressure gradient—drives→Elastic deformationestablished

pressure acting on a diaphragm or shell

Pressure gradient—drives→Streaming potentialestablished

electrolyte forced through a channel with charged walls; efficiency peaks when the Debye length is comparable to the channel width

produces · 2

Ocean wave motion—produces→Pressure gradientestablished

Marangoni effect—produces→Pressure gradienttheoretically predicted

a thermocapillary-driven liquid plug moves in a closed-ended microchannel and compresses the trapped gas; the pressure rise is the load presented to the compliant membrane

Kept below demonstrated: the Odukoya device measured heater and droplet behaviour, while the pressure field feeding the membrane (about 0.1 kPa for a 13 μm deflection in the model) comes from the force balance, not a measurement.

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

C.01 Thermoelectric C.02 Thermionic C.03 Thermoacoustic C.04 Pyroelectric C.05 Thermogalvanic C.06 Thermomagnetic C.07 Thermophotovoltaic C.08 Heat engine (thermomechanical)C.09 Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)C.10 Piezoelectric C.11 Flexoelectric C.12 Triboelectric C.13 Electrostatic (variable capacitance)C.14 Electromagnetic induction C.15 Magnetostrictive C.16 Magnetoelectric C.17 Spin caloritronic C.18 Photovoltaic C.19 Photoelectrochemical C.20 Photothermal C.21 Electrochemical C.22 Osmotic / salinity-gradient C.23 Electrokinetic C.24 Turbomachinery C.25 Magnetohydrodynamic C.26 Radiovoltaic C.27 Nuclear heat C.28 Rectenna C.29 Thermochemical C.30 Biological C.31 Fluctuation / information-driven C.32 Photon momentum C.33 Thermodiffusive C.34 Marangoni C.35 Acoustoelectric C.36 Photodiffusive C.37 Thermo-osmotic C.38 Electrohydrodynamic C.39 Radioluminescent C.40 Thermopolarization

Enumerated routes through this · 57 (showing 24)

Electrokinetic microchannel generator3/3 est · demonstrated
Pneumatic pressure piezoelectric harvester5/5 est · demonstrated
Wave-impact piezoelectric harvester7/7 est · demonstrated
Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work3/3 est · same energy form
Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling3/4 est · extends a recorded pathway
Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat3/4 est · extends a recorded pathway
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work4/5 est · weakly supported
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work4/5 est · weakly supported
Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Flexoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · candidate
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work4/5 est · weakly supported
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work4/5 est · weakly supported
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling4/6 est · same energy form
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat4/6 est · same energy form
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling5/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Ocean wave motion → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat5/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling4/6 est · weakly supported
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat4/6 est · weakly supported
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work6/7 est · weakly supported
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work6/7 est · weakly supported

Cited sources · 8

[1]
S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)
Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[2]
J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)
Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
[3]
J. Yang et al.. Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena (2003)
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 13, 963 · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/13/6/320 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[4]
R. J. Hunter. Zeta Potential in Colloid Science: Principles and Applications (1981)
Academic Press · doi:10.1016/C2013-0-07389-6 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[5]
S. H. Salter. Wave power (1974)
Nature 249, 720–724 · doi:10.1038/249720a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[6]
J. Falnes. Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems: Linear Interactions Including Wave-Energy Extraction (2002)
Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754630 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[7]
P. S. Glockner, G. F. Naterer. Surface tension and frictional resistance of thermocapillary pumping in a closed microchannel (2006)
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49(23–24), 4424–4436 · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.05.005 · record
[8]
A. Odukoya, G. F. Naterer. Transient response of thermocapillary pumping of a droplet in a micro heat engine (2013)
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 58, 202–212 · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.11.009 · record

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