Chemical potential difference → Mechanical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.05 × C.29 · Chemical potential difference × Thermochemicalfamily: ThermochemicalD.05 × C.37 · Chemical potential difference × Thermo-osmoticfamily: Thermo-osmoticD.05 × C.24 · Chemical potential difference × Turbomachineryfamily: Turbomachinery

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Carnot limit · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
  η ≤ 1 − T_c/T_h for any heat engine between reservoirs at T_h and T_c
• Betz limit · upper-bound · hard, filtered out by its applicability
  C_p ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3% of the kinetic power through the rotor disc

Steps

1. 01
   Chemical potential difference —drives→ Combustionestablishedclaim record

   chemical → thermal · loss to radiative

   • fuel, oxidiser and an ignition source; flame temperature 1500–2500 K

   gas · above ~700 K

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Combustion —produces→ Temperature gradientestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermo-osmosisestablishedclaim record

   thermal → kinetic · loss to thermal

   • a membrane separating two reservoirs of the same liquid at different temperatures; the flow direction depends on the membrane–liquid interaction

   selective membrane required · temperature gradient required · liquid

   refs [2] [3]
4. 04
   Thermo-osmosis —produces→ Fluid flowestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → kinetic

   Confined in a nanochannel (Zhao 2020) or collected as a pressurised bulk flow: Straub et al. 2016 measured 3.53 W/m² of hydraulic power from the thermo-osmotic flux, so the produced flow can load a turbine.

   refs [2] [4]
5. 05
   Fluid flow —drives→ Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a rotor or vane in the produced stream at a working angle of attack; the driven flow must carry a directed momentum flux for a blade to load

   bulk flow required

   refs [5] [6]
6. 06
   Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [6]
7. 07
   Mechanical motion —converts into→ Mechanical workestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   refs [1]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 6

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   V. M. Barragán, S. Kjelstrup. Thermo-osmosis in Membrane Systems: A Review (2017)

   Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 42 · doi:10.1515/jnet-2016-0088 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
3. [3]
   S. R. de Groot, P. Mazur. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (1962)

   North-Holland · book, no DOI · record
4. [4]
   A. P. Straub et al.. Harvesting low-grade heat energy using thermo-osmotic vapour transport through nanoporous membranes (2016)

   Nature Energy 1, 16090 · doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.90 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
5. [5]
   A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)

   Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
6. [6]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record