Fluid flow · Physical Transformation Atlas

Relations

drives · 3

Fluid flow—drives→Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablished

a rotor or vane in the produced stream at a working angle of attack; the driven flow must carry a directed momentum flux for a blade to load

Fluid flow—drives→Flow-induced vibrationestablished

a bluff or flexible body in the produced stream at a Reynolds number where vortex shedding locks to a structural mode

Fluid flow—drives→Streaming potentialreplicated

the produced liquid flow passes a charged surface or through a charged channel; the charged boundary is a condition of the step
not something the upstream flow provides

produces · 4

Marangoni effect—produces→Fluid flowestablished

Thermo-osmosis—produces→Fluid flowestablished

Confined in a nanochannel (Zhao 2020) or collected as a pressurised bulk flow: Straub et al. 2016 measured 3.53 W/m² of hydraulic power from the thermo-osmotic flux, so the produced flow can load a turbine.

Thermomagnetic convection—produces→Fluid flowestablished

The circulating flow carries a directed momentum flux that can load a blade: Zhou et al. 2009 drove a rotor with it (recorded as pathway:thermomagnetic-fluid-engine).

Marangoni effect—produces→Fluid flowdemonstrated

thermocapillary pumping of a liquid plug or droplet confined in a microchannel; the surface-tension gradient translates the plug rather than producing only local interfacial circulation

Thermocapillary pumping (TCP) of a discrete droplet in a closed microchannel: the plug's displacement and velocity were measured on the PZT device of Odukoya & Naterer 2013 and in their 2010 experiments. The confined translating plug is bulk, loadable flow; that fact must not leak onto open-surface Marangoni circulation, which keeps its own claim and tokens.

Enumerated routes through this · 104 (showing 24)

Thermal-osmosis electrokinetic generator5/5 est · demonstrated
Thermomagnetic fluid engine5/5 est · demonstrated
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · unresolved handoff
Thermocapillary streaming-potential generator (proposed)5/5 est · candidate
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work4/5 est · candidate
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work4/5 est · candidate
Thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC)5/5 est · candidate
Temperature gradient → Thermomagnetic convection → Fluid flow → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · unresolved handoff
Solutocapillary streaming-potential generator (proposed)5/5 est · candidate
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work4/5 est · candidate
Surface energy difference → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work4/5 est · candidate
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Triboelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work7/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Electrostatic induction (variable capacitance) → Charge carriers → Electrical work7/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Reverse electrowetting → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work7/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work6/7 est · candidate
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work6/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Triboelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work6/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Electrostatic induction (variable capacitance) → Charge carriers → Electrical work6/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Reverse electrowetting → Charge carriers → Electrical work4/7 est · unresolved handoff
Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work6/7 est · unresolved handoff

Cited sources · 13

[1]
A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)
Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
[2]
S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)
Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[3]
H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)
Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[4]
J. Yin, et al.. Generating electricity by moving a droplet of ionic liquid along graphene (2014)
Nature Nanotechnology 9, 378–383 · doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.56 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[5]
J. Yang et al.. Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena (2003)
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 13, 963 · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/13/6/320 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[6]
L. E. Scriven, C. V. Sternling. The Marangoni Effects (1960)
Nature 187, 186-188 · doi:10.1038/187186a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[7]
Q. Dai et al.. Directional interfacial motion of liquids: Fundamentals, evaluations, and manipulation strategies (2021)
Tribology International 154, 106749 · doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106749 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[8]
V. M. Barragán, S. Kjelstrup. Thermo-osmosis in Membrane Systems: A Review (2017)
Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 42 · doi:10.1515/jnet-2016-0088 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[9]
A. P. Straub et al.. Harvesting low-grade heat energy using thermo-osmotic vapour transport through nanoporous membranes (2016)
Nature Energy 1, 16090 · doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.90 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
[10]
R. E. Rosensweig. Ferrohydrodynamics (1985)
Cambridge University Press · book, no DOI · record
[11]
L. Zhou et al.. A new miniaturized engine based on thermomagnetic effect of magnetic fluids (2009)
Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China 3, 160–166 · doi:10.1007/s11708-009-0018-9 · record
[12]
P. S. Glockner, G. F. Naterer. Surface tension and frictional resistance of thermocapillary pumping in a closed microchannel (2006)
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49(23–24), 4424–4436 · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.05.005 · record
[13]
A. Odukoya, G. F. Naterer. Transient response of thermocapillary pumping of a droplet in a micro heat engine (2013)
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 58, 202–212 · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.11.009 · record

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