Pneumatic pressure piezoelectric harvester

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.02 × C.10 · Pressure gradient × Piezoelectricfamily: Piezoelectric

Measured or reported performance

1. peak power140 μW at 1500 kΩdevice2022
   air pressure varying from 0 to 0.5 MPa on a sealed piezoelectric harvester connected to a pneumatic branch pipe; transient, alternating output
   refs [4]
2. power density1.43 mW cm⁻³device2022
   same excursion and load
   refs [4]

best recorded power density (derived)

1.43 mW cm⁻³ per device volume — power density, device, 2022; peak power per unit volume of the harvester (the authors' volumetric normalisation), at the maximum peak power

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Electromechanical coupling factor · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
  converted fraction per cycle ≤ k² = d²/(s·ε)

Steps

1. 01
   Pressure gradient —drives→ Elastic deformationestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   • pressure acting on a diaphragm or shell

   solid

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Elastic deformation —produces→ Elastic stressestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Elastic stress —drives→ Direct piezoelectric effectestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • stress transmitted into a piezoelectric element

   solid · non-centrosymmetric crystal required

   refs [2]
4. 04
   Direct piezoelectric effect —produces→ Separated surface chargeestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [1]
5. 05
   Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load

   refs [3]

Evidence for the complete composition · 1

1. [4]
   C. Yang et al.. Design and Experimental Investigation of a Novel Piezoelectric Energy Harvester in Pneumatic System (2022)

   Energy Technology 10, 2200096 · doi:10.1002/ente.202200096 · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 3

1. [1]
   J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)

   Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
2. [2]
   A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)

   Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record