Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical work

Conditions

• electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load

Evidence · 1

1. [1]
   H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)

   Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Uses of this claim

• Flow-induced-vibration piezoelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 7 steps
• Bimetallic-strip piezoelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 5 steps
• Pneumatic pressure piezoelectric harvesterprototype · 5 steps
• Wave-impact piezoelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 7 steps
• Flexoelectric vibration harvesterdemonstrated · 5 steps
• Thermocapillary piezoelectric micro heat engineproposed in the literature, not demonstrated · 7 steps
• Thermal-expansion flexoelectric thermopolarizationobserved · output not delivered · 5 steps
• Thermoacoustic piezoelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 5 steps
• Thermoacoustic triboelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 5 steps
• Pyroelectric harvesterdemonstrated · 3 steps
• Piezoelectric vibration harvestercommercial · 5 steps
• Triboelectric nanogeneratordemonstrated · 3 steps
• Magnetoelectric stray-field harvesterdemonstrated · 3 steps
• Droplet-based electricity generatordemonstrated · 3 steps

• Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/3 established · weakly supported
• Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work1/3 established · weakly supported
• Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Mechanical stress or strain → Flexoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Incident radiation flux → Photo-Dember effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Surface energy difference → Triboelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Surface energy difference → Droplet contact electrification → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Acoustic field → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Changing magnetic flux → Joule magnetostriction → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work4/4 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Thermoacoustic effect → Acoustic wave → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work4/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Temperature gradient → Thermoacoustic effect → Acoustic wave → Triboelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work4/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Pressure gradient → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Flexoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · weakly supported
• Electric potential difference → Converse piezoelectric effect → Elastic stress → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermopolarization effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work3/5 established · same energy form
• Changing magnetic flux → Joule magnetostriction → Elastic stress → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · candidate
• Changing magnetic flux → Magnetocaloric effect → Temporal temperature change → Pyroelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Mechanical stress or strain → Elastic deformation → Elastic stress → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Temporal temperature change → Pyroelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway

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Cite this claim

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). claim claim:surface-charge-converts-electricity: Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical work. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/surface-charge-converts-electricity

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