Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Carrier · carrier:surface-charge

Separated surface charge

Charge left on a surface by contact, temperature change or stress, which relaxes through an external circuit.

energy form electrical

Atlas record: 9 claims reference this carrier — 7 established, 1 replicated and 1 reported.

Explorerelations · routes · sources · cite

9claims123enumerated routes12routes with complete-composition evidence16candidate routes not searched14cited sources

Relations

produces · 8
Direct piezoelectric effect—produces→Separated surface chargeestablished
Flexoelectric effect—produces→Separated surface chargeestablished
Triboelectric effect—produces→Separated surface chargeestablished
Droplet contact electrification—produces→Separated surface chargereplicated
Magnetoelectric coupling—produces→Separated surface chargeestablished
Photo-Dember effect—produces→Separated surface chargeestablished
Thermopolarization effect—produces→Separated surface chargereported
  • the induced bulk polarization terminates at a surface or electrode as bound / screening charge; modulating the gradient produces a displacement / polarization current
  • the solid, electroded dielectric of the 1982–1994 measurements; the polar-liquid spelling has no charge-collection evidence (the simulations report bulk polarization and electrostatic potential) and does not inherit this sink
Pyroelectric effect—produces→Separated surface chargeestablished
converts into · 1
Separated surface charge—converts into→Electrical workestablished
  • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load

Enumerated routes through this · 123 (showing 24)

Cited sources · 14

  1. [1]
    H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)
    Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  2. [2]
    J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)
    Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
  3. [3]
    P. Zubko, G. Catalan, A. K. Tagantsev. Flexoelectric effect in solids (2013)
    Annual Review of Materials Research 43, 387–421 · doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121634 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  4. [4]
    S. Iwakiri, Y. Miyata, T. Mori. Observation of universal thermopolarization effect in insulators (2026)
    arXiv:2605.17224 (17 May 2026), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba · arxiv.org/abs/2605.17224 · record
  5. [5]
    F.-R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, Z. L. Wang. Flexible triboelectric generator (2012)
    Nano Energy 1, 328–334 · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  6. [6]
    D. J. Lacks, T. Shinbrot. Long-standing and unresolved issues in triboelectric charging (2019)
    Nature Reviews Chemistry 3, 465–476 · doi:10.1038/s41570-019-0115-1 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  7. [7]
    W. Xu, et al.. A droplet-based electricity generator with high instantaneous power density (2020)
    Nature 578, 392–396 · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1985-6 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  8. [8]
    J. Yin, et al.. Generating electricity by moving a droplet of ionic liquid along graphene (2014)
    Nature Nanotechnology 9, 378–383 · doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.56 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  9. [9]
    C.-W. Nan et al.. Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions (2008)
    Journal of Applied Physics 103, 031101 · doi:10.1063/1.2836410 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  10. [10]
    V. Apostolopoulos, M. E. Barnes. THz emitters based on the photo-Dember effect (2014)
    Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47, 374002 · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/47/37/374002 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
  11. [11]
    A. L. Kholkin, V. A. Trepakov, G. A. Smolenskii. Thermopolarization currents in dielectrics (1982)
    JETP Letters 35 (3), 124–127 (Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 35, 103–106) · www.jetpletters.ru/ps/1313/article_19837.shtml · record
  12. [12]
    V. A. Trepakov, K. M. Nurieva, A. K. Tagantsev. Recent developments of the thermopolarization effect investigation (1989)
    Ferroelectrics 94, 377–381 · doi:10.1080/00150198908014283 · record
  13. [13]
    E. Rafikov et al.. Frequency and temperature dependence of the thermopolarization response in dynamic investigations (1994)
    physica status solidi (a) 144, 471–477 · doi:10.1002/pssa.2211440228 · record
  14. [14]
    S. B. Lang. Pyroelectricity: from ancient curiosity to modern imaging tool (2005)
    Physics Today 58(8), 31–36 · doi:10.1063/1.2062916 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this entity

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). entity carrier:surface-charge: Separated surface charge. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/e/carrier/surface-charge

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