Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Pathway · p-1043a15e01 · candidate

Temperature gradient → Electrical work

Temperature gradientThermomagnetic convectionFluid flowStreaming potentialIonic currentElectrical work

Epistemic state of the route

known constituent relations
5 / 5 established or replicated · weakest constituent replicated
constituent maturity floor
K4 · experimentally observed
search for this exact route
Exact composition search: reviewed 2026-09-21 — partial; No physical demonstration of temperature gradient → thermomagnetic convection → streaming potential → electrical output was found, and no retrieved title combines a thermomagnetic flow with an electrokinetic response. Inconclusive until the Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar runs exist and the two unread chase hits are read.
recorded-pathway overlap
shares relations, in order, with Thermomagnetic fluid engine · 2/5 relations shared
route-level evidence
0 sources for the complete composition · 7 cited by the constituent steps
boundaries and interfaces
BOUNDARY compatible · no region transition

Explorematrix context · physics checks · steps · route evidence · constituent evidence · cite

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.01 × C.06 · Temperature gradient × Thermomagneticfamily: ThermomagneticD.01 × C.23 · Temperature gradient × Electrokineticfamily: Electrokinetic

Literature search for this exact composition

Reviewed search · 2026-09-21OpenAlex + Google Scholarpartial

No physical demonstration of temperature gradient → thermomagnetic convection → streaming potential → electrical output was found, and no retrieved title combines a thermomagnetic flow with an electrokinetic response. Inconclusive until the Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar runs exist and the two unread chase hits are read.

11 runs · 5 attempts blocked before any result (Semantic Scholar, Google Scholar) — attempted, never counted · 47 unique records · 0 read in full · reviewed by Ava Kim's loop-3 lane · protocol route-search-v1
  • Characterization of a ferrofluid-based thermomagnetic pump for microfluidic applications (2011) · constituent only · Title and venue: a thermomagnetic ferrofluid pump characterised for microfluidics — temperature gradient → thermomagnetic flow as a pump, no electrokinetic output named. Abstract behind a ScienceDirect captcha; not read beyond the title. Used as a citation-chase seed.
  • Synthesis and characterization of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and Fe3O4 nanoparticle ferrofluids for thermo-electric conversion (2013) · insufficient information · Title names ferrofluids for thermo-electric conversion; nothing indicates a streaming (electrokinetic) step rather than electromagnetic induction; no abstract accessible. To be read when the text is available.
  • Flow in Thermomagnetic Energy Conversion Loops (2016) · insufficient information · Book chapter on flow in thermomagnetic energy-conversion loops; no abstract accessible; nothing indicates an electrokinetic step.
  • Lattice Boltzmann method simulation of electroosmotic stirring in a microscale cavity (2008) · simulation only · A simulation of electroosmotic stirring whose text mentions streaming-potential gradients and thermomagnetic terms incidentally; no ferrofluid convection feeding an electrokinetic stage (Scholar snippet).
  • Next Nanotechnology (transformer nanofluids) (2024) · review only · A review of nanofluids for transformer cooling that describes thermomagnetic convection in the transformer's field; the electrokinetic term is incidental (Scholar snippet).
  • Improving the frictional properties of the tool/chip interface of micro-textured ceramics tools by using electromagnetic-assisted nanofluids (2024) · wrong coupling · Magnetic-nanofluid lubrication of a cutting tool; both terms appear in passing, no energy conversion (Scholar snippet).
  • Numerical modeling of microscale mixing using lattice Boltzmann method (thesis) (2008) · simulation only · A lab-on-a-chip mixing thesis that models electroosmotic and thermomagnetic actuation separately; it is the single result of the whole-chain and precision forms and is not a device (Scholar snippet).
Limitations: Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar runs not made (see p-423a19acdd); both are mandatory for a negative OpenAlex driver-mechanism query: 39 works reported and all screened at title level; none names an electrokinetic or streaming response citation chase on OpenAlex reference lists and citing works only (Pal et al. 2011: 27 of 28 references, 61 of 62 citers; Nguyen 2012: 96 references, 390 citers), title-level with a vocabulary filter; two chase hits could not be read the mechanism-pair, whole-chain and demonstration-precision queries returned 0 works Google Scholar driver-mechanism form incomplete: 10 of the protocol's 100 screened (captcha after about 110 page loads in one sitting) pass 49 (21/09 ~11:29 pm Sydney): every planned Semantic Scholar query was attempted once through the anonymous pool — 4 of 4 answered HTTP 429 at the first request (the runs above, each with its literal query, key and time); Google Scholar served its bot check at the first load of the driver-mechanism form (recorded as an attempt with nothing screened). Both engines are mandatory for a negative under route-search-v1, so the record stays partial and inconclusive: the outstanding obligations are the Semantic Scholar runs for every mandatory key and the Google Scholar runs to the protocol depth; OpenAlex's forms are complete. A blocked request is evidence that an engine was attempted, never that its query returned nothing.
Index query only · 2026-09-20OpenAlex · 5 queriesnot reviewed

78 indexed works reported across the queries, 39 unique retrieved; nobody has read them for a qualifying demonstration. A person can screen this frozen list and promote it to a reviewed record without re-running the query.

  • OAdriver-mechanism:139 reported · 39 retrieved
  • OAdriver-mechanism:139 reported · 39 retrieved
  • OAmechanism-pair:1-20 reported · 0 retrieved
  • OAwhole-chain0 reported · 0 retrieved
  • OAdemonstration-precision0 reported · 0 retrieved

Planned runs NOT run in this bundle (engine unavailable): search:2026-09-20-p-1043a15e01/s2-dm1 (semantic-scholar); search:2026-09-20-p-1043a15e01/s2-mp12 (semantic-scholar); search:2026-09-20-p-1043a15e01/s2-wc (semantic-scholar); search:2026-09-20-p-1043a15e01/s2-dp (semantic-scholar).

Protocol route-search-v1: a frozen index run changes only the search state; only a reviewed record can say that a demonstration was or was not found.

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

  • Carnot limit · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
    η ≤ 1 − T_c/T_h for any heat engine between reservoirs at T_h and T_c
  • Onsager–Casimir reciprocity · constitutive-relation · listed, never decisive
    L_ij(B) = ε_i ε_j L_ji(−B): the cross-coefficients of coupled linear transport are equal up to the time-reversal parities ε of the variables and reversal of the magnetic field; L_ij = L_ji is the zero-field, even-parity case

Steps

  1. 01
    Temperature gradient —drives→ Thermomagnetic convectionestablishedclaim record
    thermal → kinetic · loss to thermal
    • a ferrofluid whose magnetisation decreases with temperature, in a non-uniform magnetic field aligned with the temperature gradient
    liquid · magnetic field required · temperature gradient required
    refs [1] [2]
  2. 02
    Thermomagnetic convection —produces→ Fluid flowestablishedclaim record
    kinetic → kinetic
    The circulating flow carries a directed momentum flux that can load a blade: Zhou et al. 2009 drove a rotor with it (recorded as pathway:thermomagnetic-fluid-engine).
    refs [1] [3]
  3. 03
    Fluid flow —drives→ Streaming potentialreplicatedclaim record
    kinetic → electrical · loss to thermal
    • the produced liquid flow passes a charged surface or through a charged channel; the charged boundary is a condition of the step
    • not something the upstream flow provides
    aqueous medium required · bulk flow required · charged surface required
    refs [4] [5]
  4. 04
    Streaming potential —produces→ Ionic currentestablishedclaim record
    electrical → electrical
    refs [5] [6]
  5. 05
    Ionic current —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record
    electrical → electrical · loss to thermal
    • electrodes exchange the ionic current for an electronic current through the external load
    refs [7]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 7

  1. [1]
    R. E. Rosensweig. Ferrohydrodynamics (1985)
    Cambridge University Press · book, no DOI · record
  2. [2]
    S. A. Suslov. Peculiarities of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer in Magnetic Nanofluids (2023)
    ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 145(3), 030801 (online December 2022) · doi:10.1115/1.4055343 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
  3. [3]
    L. Zhou et al.. A new miniaturized engine based on thermomagnetic effect of magnetic fluids (2009)
    Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China 3, 160–166 · doi:10.1007/s11708-009-0018-9 · record
  4. [4]
    J. Yin, et al.. Generating electricity by moving a droplet of ionic liquid along graphene (2014)
    Nature Nanotechnology 9, 378–383 · doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.56 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  5. [5]
    J. Yang et al.. Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena (2003)
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 13, 963 · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/13/6/320 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  6. [6]
    R. J. Hunter. Zeta Potential in Colloid Science: Principles and Applications (1981)
    Academic Press · doi:10.1016/C2013-0-07389-6 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  7. [7]
    A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.) (2001)
    Wiley · book, no DOI · record

Cite this route

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). route p-1043a15e01: Temperature gradient → Thermomagnetic convection → Fluid flow → Streaming potential → Ionic current → Electrical work. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/path/1043a15e01

Ids and matrix addresses are stable across revisions; the revision hash identifies the exact canonical files the record was compiled from and is meta.data_hash in every /api export. Reuse terms: see the license field in any export.