Physical Transformation AtlasPTA
Pathway · p-3bba97cb6e · demonstrated

Triboelectric nanogenerator

Mechanical vibrationTriboelectric effectSeparated surface chargeElectrical work

Two polymer films contact and separate; induced charge cycles through the load.

Epistemic state of the route

known constituent relations
3 / 3 established or replicated · weakest constituent established
constituent maturity floor
K4 · experimentally observed
search for this exact route
A recorded pathway or a reviewed search records a demonstration of this composition.
recorded pathway
Triboelectric nanogenerator · demonstrated
composition maturity
K6 · working transducer — Triboelectric nanogenerator
recorded-pathway overlap
this route is the recorded pathway Triboelectric nanogenerator
route-level evidence
1 source for the complete composition · 4 cited by the constituent steps
boundaries and interfaces
BOUNDARY compatible · no region transition

Explorematrix context · physics checks · steps · route evidence · constituent evidence · cite

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.09 × C.12 · Mechanical vibration × Triboelectricfamily: Triboelectric

Steps

  1. 01
    Mechanical vibration —drives→ Triboelectric effectestablishedclaim record
    mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal
    • vibration or motion that repeatedly contacts and separates two dissimilar surfaces
    solid · dielectric required
    refs [1] [2]
  2. 02
    Triboelectric effect —produces→ Separated surface chargeestablishedclaim record
    electrical → electrical
    refs [1] [3]
  3. 03
    Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record
    electrical → electrical · loss to thermal
    • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load
    refs [4]

Evidence for the complete composition · 1

  1. [1]
    F.-R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, Z. L. Wang. Flexible triboelectric generator (2012)
    Nano Energy 1, 328–334 · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 4

  1. [1]
    F.-R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, Z. L. Wang. Flexible triboelectric generator (2012)
    Nano Energy 1, 328–334 · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  2. [2]
    C. Wu et al.. Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation of the energy for the new era (2019)
    Advanced Energy Materials 9, 1802906 · doi:10.1002/aenm.201802906 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  3. [3]
    D. J. Lacks, T. Shinbrot. Long-standing and unresolved issues in triboelectric charging (2019)
    Nature Reviews Chemistry 3, 465–476 · doi:10.1038/s41570-019-0115-1 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
  4. [4]
    H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)
    Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this route

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). route p-3bba97cb6e: Triboelectric nanogenerator. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/path/3bba97cb6e

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