Disequilibrium · disequilibrium:mechanical-vibration

Mechanical vibration

Periodic or random motion of a structure. Ambient vibration in machines, vehicles and bodies is the classic small-scale harvesting source.

symbol a(t)Classical mechanicsenergy form mechanicalexergy positivealso: oscillation, ambient vibration, kinetic motion, vibration-driven, base excitation

Atlas record: 6 claims reference this disequilibrium — 5 established and 1 demonstrated.

Explorerelations · matrix context · routes · sources · cite

6claims68enumerated routes8routes with complete-composition evidence9candidate routes not searched8cited sources

Relations

drives · 5

Mechanical vibration—drives→Triboelectric effectestablished

vibration or motion that repeatedly contacts and separates two dissimilar surfaces

Mechanical vibration—drives→Electrostatic induction (variable capacitance)established

a pre-charged or electret-biased variable capacitor whose plates the vibration moves

Mechanical vibration—drives→Reverse electrowettingdemonstrated

conductive droplets moved across a biased dielectric-coated electrode array

Mechanical vibration—drives→Resonant vibrationestablished

a cantilever or seismic mass with natural frequency near the excitation

Mechanical vibration—drives→Elastic deformationestablished

cyclic deformation of an elastic member (a cantilever
a plate
a sheet) by base or inertial excitation; operation at a structural resonance amplifies the deformation but is not required

produces · 1

Flow-induced vibration—produces→Mechanical vibrationestablished

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

C.01 Thermoelectric C.02 Thermionic C.03 Thermoacoustic C.04 Pyroelectric C.05 Thermogalvanic C.06 Thermomagnetic C.07 Thermophotovoltaic C.08 Heat engine (thermomechanical)C.09 Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)C.10 Piezoelectric C.11 Flexoelectric C.12 Triboelectric C.13 Electrostatic (variable capacitance)C.14 Electromagnetic induction C.15 Magnetostrictive C.16 Magnetoelectric C.17 Spin caloritronic C.18 Photovoltaic C.19 Photoelectrochemical C.20 Photothermal C.21 Electrochemical C.22 Osmotic / salinity-gradient C.23 Electrokinetic C.24 Turbomachinery C.25 Magnetohydrodynamic C.26 Radiovoltaic C.27 Nuclear heat C.28 Rectenna C.29 Thermochemical C.30 Biological C.31 Fluctuation / information-driven C.32 Photon momentum C.33 Thermodiffusive C.34 Marangoni C.35 Acoustoelectric C.36 Photodiffusive C.37 Thermo-osmotic C.38 Electrohydrodynamic C.39 Radioluminescent C.40 Thermopolarization

Enumerated routes through this · 68 (showing 24)

Triboelectric nanogenerator3/3 est · demonstrated
Electrostatic (electret) vibration harvester3/3 est · demonstrated
Reverse-electrowetting harvester1/3 est · demonstrated
Piezoelectric vibration harvester5/5 est · demonstrated
Electromagnetic vibration harvester5/5 est · demonstrated
Flexoelectric vibration harvester5/5 est · demonstrated
Magnetostrictive vibration harvester7/7 est · demonstrated
Flow-induced-vibration piezoelectric harvester7/7 est · demonstrated
Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work3/3 est · same energy form
Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling3/4 est · candidate
Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat3/4 est · candidate
Vibration-driven elastocaloric cooler (proposed)3/4 est · candidate
Mechanical vibration → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat3/4 est · candidate
Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical stress or strain → Flexoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Mechanical vibration → Elastic deformation → Elastic stress → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Mechanical vibration → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Direct piezoelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Triboelectric effect → Separated surface charge → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Electrostatic induction (variable capacitance) → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Reverse electrowetting → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical motion → Mechanical work5/5 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling5/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Resonant vibration → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Useful heat5/6 est · extends a recorded pathway
Bulk fluid flow → Flow-induced vibration → Mechanical vibration → Elastic deformation → Mechanical stress or strain → Elastocaloric effect → Cooling5/6 est · candidate

Cited sources · 8

[1]
F.-R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, Z. L. Wang. Flexible triboelectric generator (2012)
Nano Energy 1, 328–334 · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[2]
C. Wu et al.. Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation of the energy for the new era (2019)
Advanced Energy Materials 9, 1802906 · doi:10.1002/aenm.201802906 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[3]
S. Roundy, P. K. Wright, J. Rabaey. A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes (2003)
Computer Communications 26, 1131–1144 · doi:10.1016/S0140-3664(02)00248-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[4]
H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)
Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[5]
T. Krupenkin, J. A. Taylor. Reverse electrowetting as a new approach to high-power energy harvesting (2011)
Nature Communications 2, 448 · doi:10.1038/ncomms1454 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[6]
A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)
Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
[7]
S. Yang et al.. Performance enhancement of flexoelectric energy harvester by structural design (2025)
International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 16(4), 908–928 · doi:10.1080/19475411.2025.2592544 · record
[8]
A. Kumar et al.. Vibration induced refrigeration using ferroelectric materials (2019)
Scientific Reports 9, 3922 · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40159-8 · record

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