Charge carriers —converts into→ Electrical work

Conditions

• carriers driven through an external load at the potential difference the source maintains

Evidence · 1

1. [1]
   N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin. Solid State Physics (1976)

   Holt, Rinehart and Winston · book, no DOI · record

Uses of this claim

• Vacuum photocelldemonstrated · 3 steps
• Photon-enhanced thermionic converterdemonstrated · 3 steps
• Anomalous Nernst thermopiledemonstrated · 3 steps
• Nernst–Ettingshausen generatordemonstrated · 3 steps
• Spin pumping with inverse spin Hall detectiondemonstrated · 5 steps
• Reverse-electrowetting harvesterdemonstrated · 3 steps
• Wave energy converterprototype · 5 steps
• Tidal stream plantprototype · 7 steps
• Shape-memory alloy heat enginedemonstrated · 5 steps
• Marangoni rotor mini-generatordemonstrated · 5 steps
• Thermomagnetic hydrodynamic energy harvesterprototype · 4 steps
• Evaporation-driven oscillator generatordemonstrated · 5 steps
• Waterwheel electric generator (pico hydro)demonstrated · 5 steps
• Thermoelectric generatorcommercial · 3 steps
• Thermionic converterprototype · 3 steps
• Thermoacoustic engine with linear alternatorprototype · 5 steps
• Thermomagnetic generatordemonstrated · 5 steps
• Steam Rankine plantcommercial · 5 steps
• Combustion gas-turbine plantcommercial · 7 steps
• Ocean thermal energy conversion plantprototype · 5 steps
• Night-time radiative-cooling thermoelectric generatordemonstrated · 5 steps
• Electrostatic (electret) vibration harvesterdemonstrated · 3 steps
• Electromagnetic vibration harvestercommercial · 5 steps
• Magnetostrictive vibration harvesterdemonstrated · 7 steps
• Wind turbinecommercial · 5 steps
• Hydroelectric plantcommercial · 7 steps
• Pressure-retarded osmosis plantprototype · 7 steps
• Concentrating solar-thermal plantcommercial · 7 steps
• Radioisotope thermoelectric generatorcommercial · 7 steps
• Spin Seebeck thermopiledemonstrated · 5 steps
• Microwave rectennaprototype · 4 steps
• Combustion MHD generatorprototype · 7 steps
• Nuclear fission steam plantcommercial · 7 steps
• Boiling-water reactor direct-steam plantcommercial · 7 steps

• Electric potential difference → Hall effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · same energy form
• Changing magnetic flux → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Bulk fluid flow → Magnetohydrodynamic generation → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Incident radiation flux → Photon drag effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Incident radiation flux → Bulk photovoltaic effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Incident radiation flux → Antenna reception → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Thermoradiative effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work1/3 established · weakly supported
• Spin accumulation → Inverse spin Hall effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/3 established · candidate
• Acoustic field → Acoustoelectric effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work1/3 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Temperature gradient → Marangoni effect → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Spin Nernst effect → Spin current → Inverse spin Hall effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Thermal shape-memory effect → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Temperature gradient → Heat conduction → Phonons → Phonon drag → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Thermoacoustic effect → Acoustic wave → Acoustoelectric effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/5 established · unresolved handoff
• Temperature gradient → Thermoacoustic effect → Acoustic wave → Acoustoelectric effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/5 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Thermoacoustic effect → Acoustic wave → Linear alternator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work4/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Temperature gradient → Working-fluid expansion (heat-engine cycle) → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · candidate
• Temperature gradient → Ocean thermal energy conversion → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work3/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Electromagnetic induction → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · candidate
• Pressure gradient → Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift → Mechanical motion → Rotating-machine generator action → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Hot gas → Magnetohydrodynamic generation → Charge carriers → Electrical work4/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Seebeck effect → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermionic emission → Charge carriers → Electrical work5/5 established · extends a recorded pathway

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Cite this claim

Physical Transformation Atlas (2026). claim claim:charge-carriers-convert-electricity: Charge carriers —converts into→ Electrical work. Dataset revision rbfbfcbb70e57 (hash of the canonical data). https://physical-transformation-atlas.wldud5192.workers.dev/claim/charge-carriers-convert-electricity

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