Surface energy difference → Cooling

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.15 × C.34 · Surface energy difference × Marangonifamily: MarangoniD.15 × C.09 · Surface energy difference × Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)family: Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)

Steps

1. 01
   Surface energy difference —drives→ Marangoni effectestablishedclaim record

   surface → kinetic · loss to thermal

   • a gradient of surface tension along a free liquid interface, from composition (solutocapillary) or temperature (thermocapillary)

   liquid

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Marangoni effect —produces→ Pressure gradienttheoretically predictedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a thermocapillary-driven liquid plug moves in a closed-ended microchannel and compresses the trapped gas; the pressure rise is the load presented to the compliant membrane

   Kept below demonstrated: the Odukoya device measured heater and droplet behaviour, while the pressure field feeding the membrane (about 0.1 kPa for a 13 μm deflection in the model) comes from the force balance, not a measurement.

   refs [3] [4]
3. 03
   Pressure gradient —drives→ Elastic deformationestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   • pressure acting on a diaphragm or shell

   solid

   refs [5]
4. 04
   Elastic deformation —produces→ Mechanical stress or strainestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   • the deformed member carries a cyclic stress or strain state that can drive a stress-driven conversion (flexoelectric
   • elastocaloric
   • piezoelectric)

   refs [5] [6]
5. 05
   Mechanical stress or strain —drives→ Elastocaloric effectreplicatedclaim record

   mechanical → thermal

   • stress large enough to drive the martensitic transformation of a shape-memory alloy

   solid

   refs [7] [8]
6. 06
   Elastocaloric effect —converts into→ Coolingdemonstratedclaim record

   thermal → thermal · loss to thermal

   refs [7]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 8

1. [1]
   L. E. Scriven, C. V. Sternling. The Marangoni Effects (1960)

   Nature 187, 186-188 · doi:10.1038/187186a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
2. [2]
   Q. Dai et al.. Directional interfacial motion of liquids: Fundamentals, evaluations, and manipulation strategies (2021)

   Tribology International 154, 106749 · doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106749 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
3. [3]
   P. S. Glockner, G. F. Naterer. Surface tension and frictional resistance of thermocapillary pumping in a closed microchannel (2006)

   International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49(23–24), 4424–4436 · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.05.005 · record
4. [4]
   A. Odukoya, G. F. Naterer. Transient response of thermocapillary pumping of a droplet in a micro heat engine (2013)

   International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 58, 202–212 · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.11.009 · record
5. [5]
   J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)

   Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
6. [6]
   A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
7. [7]
   J. Tušek et al.. A regenerative elastocaloric heat pump (2016)

   Nature Energy 1, 16134 · doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.134 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
8. [8]
   X. Moya, S. Kar-Narayan, N. D. Mathur. Caloric materials near ferroic phase transitions (2014)

   Nature Materials 13, 439–450 · doi:10.1038/nmat3951 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record