Incident radiation flux → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.11 × C.18 · Incident radiation flux × Photovoltaicfamily: Photovoltaic

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Landsberg limit · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
  η ≤ 1 − (4/3)(T_c/T_s) + (1/3)(T_c/T_s)⁴ for conversion of blackbody radiation at T_s with a sink at T_c; 93.3 % at 6000 K / 300 K

Steps

1. 01
   Incident radiation flux —drives→ Bulk photovoltaic effectestablishedclaim record

   radiative → electrical · loss to thermal

   • a homogeneous non-centrosymmetric crystal under uniform illumination; no junction

   solid · non-centrosymmetric crystal required · illumination required

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Bulk photovoltaic effect —produces→ Charge carriersestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [1] [2]
3. 03
   Charge carriers —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • carriers driven through an external load at the potential difference the source maintains

   refs [3]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 3

1. [1]
   V. M. Fridkin. Review of recent work on the bulk photovoltaic effect in ferro and piezoelectrics (1984)

   Ferroelectrics 53, 169–187 · doi:10.1080/00150198408245047 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   J. E. Spanier, et al.. Power conversion efficiency exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit in a ferroelectric insulator (2016)

   Nature Photonics 10, 611–616 · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.143 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin. Solid State Physics (1976)

   Holt, Rinehart and Winston · book, no DOI · record