Wind turbine

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.10 × C.24 · Bulk fluid flow × Turbomachineryfamily: TurbomachineryD.10 × C.14 · Bulk fluid flow × Electromagnetic inductionfamily: Electromagnetic induction

Measured or reported performance

1. peak rotor power coefficient≈ 0.45field2005
   Southwest Windpower Storm pre-prototype, a three-blade downwind variable-speed stall-regulated turbine rated 1.8 kW; deduced from field-test measured electrical power and dynamometer-measured alternator efficiency; a broad, flat curve near C_p ≈ 0.43 over a 4 m/s wind-speed range; preliminary, with definitive NWTC tests under way at the time — the atlas had carried 0.52 as an efficiency_record until pass 39 — the wrong quantity for a pathway that ends in electrical work; this is the rotor's coefficient, comparable with the Betz limit and nothing else
   refs [6]

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Betz limit · upper-bound · hard, applies to this route
  C_p ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3% of the kinetic power through the rotor disc

Steps

1. 01
   Bulk fluid flow —drives→ Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a rotor whose blades meet the stream at a working angle of attack

   bulk flow required

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [2]
3. 03
   Mechanical motion —drives→ Rotating-machine generator actionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • a shaft turning a rotor inside a stator, or a magnet moved past a coil

   conductor required · magnetic field required

   refs [3] [2]
4. 04
   Rotating-machine generator action —produces→ Charge carriersestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   refs [3] [4]
5. 05
   Charge carriers —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • carriers driven through an external load at the potential difference the source maintains

   refs [5]

Evidence for the complete composition · 3

1. [1]
   A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)

   Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
2. [2]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [6]
   P. Migliore et al.. Balancing Performance, Noise, Cost, and Aesthetics in the Southwest Windpower 'Storm' Wind Turbine: Preprint (2005)

   NREL/CP-500-38157, August 2005; prepared for WindPower 2005, Denver · www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/38157.pdf · record

Evidence for the constituent relations · 5

1. [1]
   A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)

   Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
2. [2]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   M. Faraday. Experimental researches in electricity (1832)

   Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 122, 125–162 · doi:10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, L. P. Pitaevskii. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 8, 2nd ed.) (1984)

   Pergamon · book, no DOI · record
5. [5]
   N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin. Solid State Physics (1976)

   Holt, Rinehart and Winston · book, no DOI · record