Gravitational potential difference → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.19 × C.24 · Gravitational potential difference × Turbomachineryfamily: TurbomachineryD.19 × C.23 · Gravitational potential difference × Electrokineticfamily: Electrokinetic

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Onsager–Casimir reciprocity · constitutive-relation · listed, never decisive
  L_ij(B) = ε_i ε_j L_ji(−B): the cross-coefficients of coupled linear transport are equal up to the time-reversal parities ε of the variables and reversal of the magnetic field; L_ij = L_ji is the zero-field, even-parity case

Steps

1. 01
   Gravitational potential difference —drives→ Gravitational descent of fluidestablishedclaim record

   gravitational → mechanical

   liquid

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Gravitational descent of fluid —produces→ Bulk fluid flowestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → kinetic

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Bulk fluid flow —drives→ Ocean wave motionestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • wind fetch over open water

   liquid

   refs [2] [3]
4. 04
   Ocean wave motion —produces→ Pressure gradientestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [2] [3]
5. 05
   Pressure gradient —drives→ Streaming potentialestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrolyte forced through a channel with charged walls; efficiency peaks when the Debye length is comparable to the channel width

   aqueous medium required · bulk flow required

   refs [4] [5]
6. 06
   Streaming potential —produces→ Ionic currentestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [4] [5]
7. 07
   Ionic current —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrodes exchange the ionic current for an electronic current through the external load

   refs [6]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 6

1. [1]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   S. H. Salter. Wave power (1974)

   Nature 249, 720–724 · doi:10.1038/249720a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   J. Falnes. Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems: Linear Interactions Including Wave-Energy Extraction (2002)

   Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/CBO9780511754630 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   J. Yang et al.. Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena (2003)

   Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 13, 963 · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/13/6/320 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
5. [5]
   R. J. Hunter. Zeta Potential in Colloid Science: Principles and Applications (1981)

   Academic Press · doi:10.1016/C2013-0-07389-6 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
6. [6]
   A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.) (2001)

   Wiley · book, no DOI · record