Chemical potential difference → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.05 × C.29 · Chemical potential difference × Thermochemicalfamily: ThermochemicalD.05 × C.08 · Chemical potential difference × Heat engine (thermomechanical)family: Heat engine (thermomechanical)D.05 × C.38 · Chemical potential difference × Electrohydrodynamicfamily: Electrohydrodynamic

Steps

1. 01
   Chemical potential difference —drives→ Combustionestablishedclaim record

   chemical → thermal · loss to radiative

   • fuel, oxidiser and an ignition source; flame temperature 1500–2500 K

   gas · above ~700 K

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Combustion —produces→ Hot gasestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Hot gas —drives→ Gas-dynamic expansionestablishedclaim record

   thermal → kinetic · loss to thermal

   • the gas has an upstream pressure state above the downstream nozzle or duct pressure

   gas

   refs [2] [3]
4. 04
   Gas-dynamic expansion —produces→ Bulk fluid flowestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → kinetic

   • a directed high-speed gas stream leaves the nozzle — the disequilibrium whose content is bulk fluid motion

   refs [3] [2]
5. 05
   Bulk fluid flow —drives→ Electrohydrodynamic generationestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → electrical · loss to thermal

   • a dielectric fluid carrying injected charge is driven by the flow against an electric field to a collector electrode

   bulk flow required · electric field or bias required

   refs [4] [5]
6. 06
   Electrohydrodynamic generation —produces→ Fluid-borne space chargeestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   • monopolar charge injected into a dielectric liquid (n-hexane in the 1977 generator) is carried by the flow against the field to a collector

   refs [4] [5]
7. 07
   Fluid-borne space charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • charge collected at an electrode and driven through an external load at the potential the flow maintains

   refs [4] [5]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 5

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   NASA Glenn Research Center. Nozzle Design (Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics) (2024)

   NASA Glenn Research Center, Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics; page dated 2021-08-06, modified 2024-09-12 · www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/nozzle-design/ · record
3. [3]
   J. Marlin Smith. Preliminary results in the NASA Lewis H2-O2 combustion MHD experiment (1979)

   NASA Technical Memorandum 79135 (E-9983); prepared for the 18th Symposium on the Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics, Butte, Montana, June 18–20, 1979 · ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790014726 · record
4. [4]
   S. Fujimoto, T. Terado. Fundamental characteristics of liquid-filled electrohydrodynamic generator (1977)

   Journal of Electrostatics 2, 257-267 · doi:10.1016/0304-3886(77)90058-4 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
5. [5]
   L. Hao et al.. Interfacial electro-hydrodynamics inspired micro/nano-fluidic energy conversion: from mechanism to applications (2025)

   Lab on a Chip 25, 4161-4220 · doi:10.1039/D5LC00321K · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record