Chemical potential difference → Mechanical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.05 × C.29 · Chemical potential difference × Thermochemicalfamily: ThermochemicalD.05 × C.08 · Chemical potential difference × Heat engine (thermomechanical)family: Heat engine (thermomechanical)D.05 × C.24 · Chemical potential difference × Turbomachineryfamily: Turbomachinery

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Betz limit · upper-bound · hard, filtered out by its applicability
  C_p ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3% of the kinetic power through the rotor disc

Steps

1. 01
   Chemical potential difference —drives→ Combustionestablishedclaim record

   chemical → thermal · loss to radiative

   • fuel, oxidiser and an ignition source; flame temperature 1500–2500 K

   gas · above ~700 K

   refs [1]
2. 02
   Combustion —produces→ Hot gasestablishedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [1]
3. 03
   Hot gas —drives→ Gas-dynamic expansionestablishedclaim record

   thermal → kinetic · loss to thermal

   • the gas has an upstream pressure state above the downstream nozzle or duct pressure

   gas

   refs [2] [3]
4. 04
   Gas-dynamic expansion —produces→ Bulk fluid flowestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → kinetic

   • a directed high-speed gas stream leaves the nozzle — the disequilibrium whose content is bulk fluid motion

   refs [3] [2]
5. 05
   Bulk fluid flow —drives→ Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a rotor whose blades meet the stream at a working angle of attack

   bulk flow required

   refs [4] [5]
6. 06
   Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [5]
7. 07
   Mechanical motion —converts into→ Mechanical workestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   refs [1]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 5

1. [1]
   A. Bejan. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (4th ed.) (2016)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119245964 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   NASA Glenn Research Center. Nozzle Design (Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics) (2024)

   NASA Glenn Research Center, Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics; page dated 2021-08-06, modified 2024-09-12 · www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/nozzle-design/ · record
3. [3]
   J. Marlin Smith. Preliminary results in the NASA Lewis H2-O2 combustion MHD experiment (1979)

   NASA Technical Memorandum 79135 (E-9983); prepared for the 18th Symposium on the Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics, Butte, Montana, June 18–20, 1979 · ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790014726 · record
4. [4]
   A. Betz. Das Maximum der theoretisch möglichen Ausnützung des Windes durch Windmotoren (1920)

   Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen 26, 307–309 · paper, no DOI · record
5. [5]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record