Mechanical vibration → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.09 × C.11 · Mechanical vibration × Flexoelectricfamily: Flexoelectric

Steps

1. 01
   Mechanical vibration —drives→ Resonant vibrationestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a cantilever or seismic mass with natural frequency near the excitation

   solid

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Resonant vibration —produces→ Mechanical stress or strainestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   • cyclic bending stress at the root of the cantilever

   solid

   refs [2]
3. 03
   Mechanical stress or strain —drives→ Flexoelectric effectestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   P = μ · ∇ε · flexoelectric coefficient μ [C/m]

   • the required strain gradient may be generated mechanically (e.g. bending) or by spatially non-uniform thermal expansion; uniform strain alone does not produce bulk flexoelectric polarization in a centrosymmetric dielectric
   • coefficients are small in bulk (nC/m) and useful only at the nanoscale or in thin films

   solid · dielectric required

   refs [3] [4]
4. 04
   Flexoelectric effect —produces→ Separated surface chargeestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [3] [4]
5. 05
   Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load

   refs [5]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 5

1. [1]
   S. Roundy, P. K. Wright, J. Rabaey. A study of low level vibrations as a power source for wireless sensor nodes (2003)

   Computer Communications 26, 1131–1144 · doi:10.1016/S0140-3664(02)00248-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   P. Zubko, G. Catalan, A. K. Tagantsev. Flexoelectric effect in solids (2013)

   Annual Review of Materials Research 43, 387–421 · doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121634 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   S. Iwakiri, Y. Miyata, T. Mori. Observation of universal thermopolarization effect in insulators (2026)

   arXiv:2605.17224 (17 May 2026), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba · arxiv.org/abs/2605.17224 · record
5. [5]
   H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)

   Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record