Electron–hole pairs

Relations

Enumerated routes through this · 15

• Photovoltaic module3/3 est · demonstrated
• Thermophotovoltaic conversion5/5 est · demonstrated
• Betavoltaic battery5/5 est · demonstrated
• Combustion-driven micro-thermophotovoltaic generator7/7 est · demonstrated
• Radioluminescent (beta-photovoltaic) nuclear battery7/7 est · demonstrated
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Alphavoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work5/5 est · candidate
• Chemical potential difference → Combustion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Electric potential difference → Peltier effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · same energy form
• Electric potential difference → Ettingshausen effect → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · same energy form
• Incident radiation flux → Photothermal absorption → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Radiative imbalance with the sky → Radiative sky cooling → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Radioactive decay → Alpha particles → Radioluminescence → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fission → Hot gas → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work7/7 est · extends a recorded pathway
• Nuclear binding-energy difference → Nuclear fusion → Temperature gradient → Thermal emission → Photons → Photovoltaic effect → Electron–hole pairs → Electrical work5/7 est · extends a recorded pathway

Cited sources · 6

1. [1]
   W. Shockley, H. J. Queisser. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells (1961)

   Journal of Applied Physics 32, 510–519 · doi:10.1063/1.1736034 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   C. Kittel. Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed.) (2005)

   Wiley · book, no DOI · record
3. [3]
   P. Rappaport. The electron-voltaic effect in p-n junctions induced by beta-particle bombardment (1954)

   Physical Review 93, 246 · doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.246.2 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   M. A. Prelas, et al.. A review of nuclear batteries (2014)

   Progress in Nuclear Energy 75, 117–148 · doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.04.007 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
5. [5]
   M. G. Spencer, T. Alam. High power direct energy conversion by nuclear batteries (2019)

   Applied Physics Reviews 6, 031305 · doi:10.1063/1.5123163 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
6. [6]
   M. A. Green, et al.. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 63) (2024)

   Progress in Photovoltaics 32, 3–13 · doi:10.1002/pip.3750 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record

Cite this entity

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