Osmotic pressure difference → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.18 × C.22 · Osmotic pressure difference × Osmotic / salinity-gradientfamily: Osmotic / salinity-gradientD.18 × C.24 · Osmotic pressure difference × Turbomachineryfamily: TurbomachineryD.18 × C.14 · Osmotic pressure difference × Electromagnetic inductionfamily: Electromagnetic induction

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Free energy of mixing · resource-bound · listed, never decisive
  W ≤ −ΔG_mix ≈ 0.8 kWh per m³ of fresh water into seawater
• Betz limit · upper-bound · hard, filtered out by its applicability
  C_p ≤ 16/27 ≈ 59.3% of the kinetic power through the rotor disc

Steps

1. 01
   Osmotic pressure difference —drives→ Pressure-retarded osmosisestablishedclaim record

   osmotic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   aqueous medium required · selective membrane required

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Pressure-retarded osmosis —produces→ Hydraulic pressureestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [1] [2]
3. 03
   Hydraulic pressure —drives→ Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic liftestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • pressurised water expanded through a reaction or impulse turbine

   liquid · bulk flow required

   refs [3]
4. 04
   Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic lift —produces→ Mechanical motionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [3]
5. 05
   Mechanical motion —drives→ Rotating-machine generator actionestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • a shaft turning a rotor inside a stator, or a magnet moved past a coil

   conductor required · magnetic field required

   refs [4] [3]
6. 06
   Rotating-machine generator action —produces→ Charge carriersestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   refs [4] [5]
7. 07
   Charge carriers —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • carriers driven through an external load at the potential difference the source maintains

   refs [6]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 6

1. [1]
   S. Loeb. Osmotic power plants (1975)

   Science 189, 654–655 · doi:10.1126/science.189.4203.654 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   B. E. Logan, M. Elimelech. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water (2012)

   Nature 488, 313–319 · doi:10.1038/nature11477 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
3. [3]
   S. L. Dixon, C. A. Hall. Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (7th ed.) (2014)

   Butterworth-Heinemann · doi:10.1016/C2011-0-05059-7 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   M. Faraday. Experimental researches in electricity (1832)

   Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 122, 125–162 · doi:10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
5. [5]
   L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, L. P. Pitaevskii. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media (Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 8, 2nd ed.) (1984)

   Pergamon · book, no DOI · record
6. [6]
   N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin. Solid State Physics (1976)

   Holt, Rinehart and Winston · book, no DOI · record