Surface energy difference → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.15 × C.34 · Surface energy difference × Marangonifamily: MarangoniD.15 × C.12 · Surface energy difference × Triboelectricfamily: Triboelectric

Steps

1. 01
   Surface energy difference —drives→ Marangoni effectestablishedclaim record

   surface → kinetic · loss to thermal

   • a gradient of surface tension along a free liquid interface, from composition (solutocapillary) or temperature (thermocapillary)

   liquid

   refs [1] [2]
2. 02
   Marangoni effect —produces→ Fluid flowestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → kinetic

   refs [1] [2]
3. 03
   Fluid flow —drives→ Flow-induced vibrationestablishedclaim record

   kinetic → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • a bluff or flexible body in the produced stream at a Reynolds number where vortex shedding locks to a structural mode

   bulk flow required

   refs [3]
4. 04
   Flow-induced vibration —produces→ Mechanical vibrationestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   refs [3]
5. 05
   Mechanical vibration —drives→ Triboelectric effectestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • vibration or motion that repeatedly contacts and separates two dissimilar surfaces

   solid · dielectric required

   refs [4] [5]
6. 06
   Triboelectric effect —produces→ Separated surface chargeestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [4] [6]
7. 07
   Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load

   refs [3]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 6

1. [1]
   L. E. Scriven, C. V. Sternling. The Marangoni Effects (1960)

   Nature 187, 186-188 · doi:10.1038/187186a0 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
2. [2]
   Q. Dai et al.. Directional interfacial motion of liquids: Fundamentals, evaluations, and manipulation strategies (2021)

   Tribology International 154, 106749 · doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106749 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-20 · record
3. [3]
   H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)

   Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
4. [4]
   F.-R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, Z. L. Wang. Flexible triboelectric generator (2012)

   Nano Energy 1, 328–334 · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
5. [5]
   C. Wu et al.. Triboelectric nanogenerator: a foundation of the energy for the new era (2019)

   Advanced Energy Materials 9, 1802906 · doi:10.1002/aenm.201802906 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
6. [6]
   D. J. Lacks, T. Shinbrot. Long-standing and unresolved issues in triboelectric charging (2019)

   Nature Reviews Chemistry 3, 465–476 · doi:10.1038/s41570-019-0115-1 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record