Mechanical vibration → Electrical work

Matrix context

D = disequilibrium row · C = coupling family column. A cell reads the state of the atlas for that pair.

D.09 × C.09 · Mechanical vibration × Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)family: Caloric (magneto/electro/elasto)D.09 × C.04 · Mechanical vibration × Pyroelectricfamily: Pyroelectric

Typed bounds on this route

Every limit the atlas holds for this route, as constraint records: reached through bounded_by claims on the route's own entities. Hard bounds (an upper bound or a formula) decide the thermodynamic-bound check above; benchmarks, constitutive relations and resource limits are listed and never decisive. No prose limit exists anywhere (pass 42).

• Carnot limit · formula-bound · hard, applies to this route
  η ≤ 1 − T_c/T_h for any heat engine between reservoirs at T_h and T_c

Steps

1. 01
   Mechanical vibration —drives→ Elastic deformationestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical · loss to thermal

   • cyclic deformation of an elastic member (a cantilever
   • a plate
   • a sheet) by base or inertial excitation; operation at a structural resonance amplifies the deformation but is not required

   solid

   refs [1] [2] [3]
2. 02
   Elastic deformation —produces→ Mechanical stress or strainestablishedclaim record

   mechanical → mechanical

   • the deformed member carries a cyclic stress or strain state that can drive a stress-driven conversion (flexoelectric
   • elastocaloric
   • piezoelectric)

   refs [4] [1]
3. 03
   Mechanical stress or strain —drives→ Elastocaloric effectreplicatedclaim record

   mechanical → thermal

   • stress large enough to drive the martensitic transformation of a shape-memory alloy

   solid

   refs [5] [6]
4. 04
   Elastocaloric effect —produces→ Temporal temperature changereplicatedclaim record

   thermal → thermal

   refs [5] [6]
5. 05
   Temporal temperature change —drives→ Pyroelectric effectestablishedclaim record

   thermal → electrical · loss to thermal

   ΔP = p · ΔT · pyroelectric coefficient p [C/(m^2 K)]

   ΔT is the material's temperature change between two times, not a spatial temperature difference.

   • the temperature of the polar material must change in time (dT/dt ≠ 0); a static spatial temperature gradient alone produces no pyroelectric current
   • the material must be below its Curie temperature

   solid · ferroelectric required · transient only

   Re-spelled in loop-3 pass 30 from the temperature-gradient row, where it had sat as an indexing compromise, onto the temporal temperature change that is its physical driver.

   refs [7] [8] [9]
6. 06
   Pyroelectric effect —produces→ Separated surface chargeestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical

   refs [7]
7. 07
   Separated surface charge —converts into→ Electrical workestablishedclaim record

   electrical → electrical · loss to thermal

   • electrodes on the charged surfaces connected through a load

   refs [10]

Evidence for the complete composition · 0

No source on record for this exact composition. The sources below support the individual steps, not the route as a whole.

Evidence for the constituent relations · 10

1. [1]
   A. Erturk, D. J. Inman. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2011)

   Wiley · doi:10.1002/9781119991151 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
2. [2]
   S. Yang et al.. Performance enhancement of flexoelectric energy harvester by structural design (2025)

   International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 16(4), 908–928 · doi:10.1080/19475411.2025.2592544 · record
3. [3]
   A. Kumar et al.. Vibration induced refrigeration using ferroelectric materials (2019)

   Scientific Reports 9, 3922 · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40159-8 · record
4. [4]
   J. F. Nye. Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices (1985)

   Oxford University Press · book, no DOI · record
5. [5]
   J. Tušek et al.. A regenerative elastocaloric heat pump (2016)

   Nature Energy 1, 16134 · doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.134 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
6. [6]
   X. Moya, S. Kar-Narayan, N. D. Mathur. Caloric materials near ferroic phase transitions (2014)

   Nature Materials 13, 439–450 · doi:10.1038/nmat3951 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
7. [7]
   S. B. Lang. Pyroelectricity: from ancient curiosity to modern imaging tool (2005)

   Physics Today 58(8), 31–36 · doi:10.1063/1.2062916 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
8. [8]
   R. W. Whatmore. Pyroelectric devices and materials (1986)

   Reports on Progress in Physics 49, 1335 · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/49/12/002 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
9. [9]
   C. R. Bowen et al.. Pyroelectric materials and devices for energy harvesting applications (2014)

   Energy & Environmental Science 7, 3836–3856 · doi:10.1039/C4EE01759E · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record
10. [10]
    H. B. Radousky, H. Liang. Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications (2012)

    Nanotechnology 23, 502001 · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/502001 · crossref ✓ 2026-09-19 · record